ten years of modelling to achieve haemodynamic optimisation of the total cavopulmonary connection

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (S3) ◽  
pp. 48-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
gabriele dubini ◽  
francesco migliavacca ◽  
giancarlo pennati ◽  
marc r. de leval ◽  
edward l. bove
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Surgical Reconstruction ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

the techniques of computational fluid dynamics are among the most powerful tools available to engineers dealing with the motion of fluids and the exchange of mass, momentum, and energy. they have recently been shown to have an increasing number of applications to the human cardiovascular system, including the fluid dynamics of surgical reconstruction of congenitally malformed parts of the cardiovascular system. in vitro models are the alternative laboratory tools with which to study fluid dynamics. the advantages of computational fluid dynamics over the in vitro models are the easy quantification of haemodynamic variables, such as rates of flow, pressure, and distribution of shear stress, and changes in geometric and fluid dynamics parameters. furthermore, using computational fluid dynamics allows the development of three-dimensional models to reproduce both the complex anatomy of the investigated region and the details of the surgical reconstruction, especially with the recent developments in magnetic resonance imaging. on the basis of the results, it is possible quantitatively to evaluate the surgical correction. this technology, which benefits greatly from the continuous improvement in hardware and software, enables cardiovascular experts and bioengineers to look at the fluid dynamics of various cardiovascular regions with increasing sophistication.

Computational fluid dynamics applied to the ventilation of small-animal laboratory cages

2020 ◽  
pp. 002367722093771
Author(s):  
Ira Katz ◽  
Kateryna Voronetska ◽  
Mickaël Libardi ◽  
Matthieu Chalopin ◽  
Patricia Privat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Gas Distribution

Several studies based on in vivo or in vitro models have found promising results for the noble gas argon in neuroprotection against ischaemic pathologies. The development of argon as a medicinal product includes the requirement for toxicity testing through non-clinical studies. The long exposure period of animals (rats) during several days results in technical and logistic challenges related to the gas administration. In particular, a minimum of 10 air changes per hour (ACH) to maintain animal welfare results in extremely large volumes of experimental gas required if the gas is not recirculated. The difficulty with handling the many cylinders prompted the development of such a recirculation-based design. To distribute the recirculating gas to individually ventilated cages and monitor them properly was deemed more difficult than constructing a single large enclosure that will hold several open cages. To address these concerns, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the preliminary design was performed. A purpose-made exposure chamber was designed based on the CFD simulations. Comparisons of the simulation results to measurements of gas concentration at two cage positions while filling show that the CFD results compare well to these limited experiments. Thus, we believe that the CFD results are representative of the gas distribution throughout the enclosure. The CFD shows that the design provides better gas distribution (i.e. a higher effective air change rate) than predicted by 10 ACH.

scholarly journals Development of In Vitro Corneal Models: Opportunity for Pharmacological Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Valentina Citi ◽  
Eugenia Piragine ◽  
Simone Brogi ◽  
Sara Ottino ◽  
Vincenzo Calderone
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Computational Procedures ◽  
Scientific Challenge

The human eye is a specialized organ with a complex anatomy and physiology, because it is characterized by different cell types with specific physiological functions. Given the complexity of the eye, ocular tissues are finely organized and orchestrated. In the last few years, many in vitro models have been developed in order to meet the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) for eye toxicity testing. This procedure is highly necessary to ensure that the risks associated with ophthalmic products meet appropriate safety criteria. In vitro preclinical testing is now a well-established practice of significant importance for evaluating the efficacy and safety of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical products. Along with in vitro testing, also computational procedures, herein described, for evaluating the pharmacological profile of potential ocular drug candidates including their toxicity, are in rapid expansion. In this review, the ocular cell types and functionality are described, providing an overview about the scientific challenge for the development of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models.

scholarly journals Thoracic Artificial Lung Impedance Studies Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and In Vitro Models

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Schewe ◽  
Khalil M. Khanafer ◽  
Ryan A. Orizondo ◽  
Keith E. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Artificial Lung

scholarly journals Development of In Vitro Corneal Models: Opportunity for Pharmacological Testing and Legislative Aspects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Citi ◽  
Eugenia Piragine ◽  
Simone Brogi ◽  
Sara Ottino ◽  
Marco Sansò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Computational Procedures ◽  
Scientific Challenge

Human eye is a specialized organ with complex anatomy and physiology, because it is characterized by different cell types with specific physiological functions. Given the complexity of the eye, ocular tissues are finely organized and orchestrated. In the last few years many in vitro models have been developed, in order to meet the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) for eye toxicity testing which is necessary to ensure that the risks associated with ophthalmic products meet appropriate safety criteria and are clearly labelled. In vitro preclinical testing is now a well-established practice of significant importance for evaluating the efficacy and safety of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical products. Along with in vitro testing, also computational procedures, herein described, for evaluating the pharmacological profile of potential ocular drug candidates including their toxicity, are in rapid expansion. In this review the ocular cell types and functionality are described providing an overview about the scientific challenge for the development of three-dimensional in vitro models.

scholarly journals Assisted Fontan procedure: animal and in vitro models and computational fluid dynamics study☆☆☆

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio F. Corno ◽  
Christian Vergara ◽  
Chellappan Subramanian ◽  
Robert A. Johnson ◽  
Tiziano Passerini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Fontan Procedure ◽  
In Vitro Models

scholarly journals Development of In Vitro Corneal Models: Opportunity for Pharmacological Testing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Citi ◽  
Eugenia Piragine ◽  
Simone Brogi ◽  
Sara Ottino ◽  
Vincenzo Calderone
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Computational Procedures ◽  
Scientific Challenge

Human eye is a specialized organ with complex anatomy and physiology, because it is characterized by different cell types with specific physiological functions. Given the complexity of the eye, ocular tissues are finely organized and orchestrated. In the last few years many in vitro models have been developed, in order to meet the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) for eye toxicity testing. This procedure is highly necessary to ensure that the risks associated with ophthalmic products meet appropriate safety criteria. In vitro preclinical testing is now a well-established practice of significant importance for evaluating the efficacy and safety of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical products. Along with in vitro testing, also computational procedures, herein described, for evaluating the pharmacological profile of potential ocular drug candidates including their toxicity, are in rapid expansion. In this review the ocular cell types and functionality are described providing an overview about the scientific challenge for the development of three-dimensional in vitro models.

scholarly journals Multiscale 3D phenotyping of human cerebral organoids

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Albanese ◽  
Justin M. Swaney ◽  
Dae Hee Yun ◽  
Nicholas B. Evans ◽  
Jenna M. Antonucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Integrated Technology ◽  
Human Brain Development ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

AbstractBrain organoids grown from human pluripotent stem cells self-organize into cytoarchitectures resembling the developing human brain. These three-dimensional models offer an unprecedented opportunity to study human brain development and dysfunction. Characterization currently sacrifices spatial information for single-cell or histological analysis leaving whole-tissue analysis mostly unexplored. Here, we present the SCOUT pipeline for automated multiscale comparative analysis of intact cerebral organoids. Our integrated technology platform can rapidly clear, label, and image intact organoids. Algorithmic- and convolutional neural network-based image analysis extract hundreds of features characterizing molecular, cellular, spatial, cytoarchitectural, and organoid-wide properties from fluorescence microscopy datasets. Comprehensive analysis of 46 intact organoids and ~ 100 million cells reveals quantitative multiscale “phenotypes" for organoid development, culture protocols and Zika virus infection. SCOUT provides a much-needed framework for comparative analysis of emerging 3D in vitro models using fluorescence microscopy.

scholarly journals In vitro models of the human endometrium: evolution and application for women’s health+

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet C Fitzgerald ◽  
Danny J Schust ◽  
Thomas E Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Human Endometrium ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Human Menstrual Cycle

Abstract The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus that undergoes complex regeneration and differentiation during the human menstrual cycle. The process of endometrial shedding, regeneration, and differentiation is driven by ovarian steroid hormones and prepares the endometrium and intrauterine environment for embryo implantation and pregnancy establishment. Endometrial glands and their secretions are essential for pregnancy establishment, and cross talk between the glandular epithelium and stromal cells appears vital for decidualization and placental development. Despite being crucial, the biology of the human endometrium during pregnancy establishment and most of pregnancy is incomplete, given the ethical and practical limitations of obtaining and studying endometrium from pregnant women. As such, in vitro models of the human endometrium are required to fill significant gaps in understanding endometrial biology. This review is focused on the evolution and development of in vitro three-dimensional models of the human endometrium and provides insight into the challenges and promises of those models to improve women’s reproductive health.

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