The United States and West Africa

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Africa ◽  
The United States

Introduction

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Maurer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Institutional Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Government ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

This introductory chapter discusses the shift from politicized confrontations like the imbroglio of 1900 to legalized disputes like the more orderly affair of 2007. It advances four basic findings. First, American government intervention on behalf of U.S. foreign investors was astoundingly successful at extracting compensation through the 1980s. Second, American domestic interests trumped strategic concerns again and again, for small economic gains relative to the U.S. economy and the potential strategic losses. Third, the United States proved unable to impose institutional reform in Latin America and West Africa even while American agents were in place. Finally, the technology that the U.S. government used to protect American property rights overseas changed radically over time.

scholarly journals Genetic Structure and Analysis of Host and Nonhost Interactions of Striga gesnerioides (Witchweed) from Central Florida

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1166-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Botanga ◽  
Michael P. Timko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
West Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Root Hemiparasite ◽  
Striga Gesnerioides ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
High Level

Striga gesnerioides is a root hemiparasite of wild and cultivated legumes, among which cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and Indigofera hirsuta are suitable hosts. In this study, we examined the genetic structure and host-parasite interaction of a strain of S. gesnerioides parasitizing I. hirsuta (SGFL) from central Florida (United States). Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to compare genetic profiles from 71 individual S. gesnerioides plants (SGFL) representing four different populations in central Florida. Our results showed that these individuals are genetically similar, with pairwise genetic distances ranging from 0.00 to 0.037. A cluster analysis grouped all four S. gesnerioides populations from Florida, separating them from S. gesnerioides isolates parasitic on I. hirsuta and cowpea collected from West Africa. One EcoRI and MseI selective primer combination generated a 510-bp fragment present in individuals from the SGFL and the West African isolate parasitic on I. hirsuta, but absent in isolates parasitic on cowpea. Germination of seed from individuals of all four populations of S. gesnerioides parasitic on I. hirsuta from Florida was stimulated by root exudates from cowpea genotypes Blackeye and TVX-3236, known to be highly susceptible to all races of S. gesnerioides parasitic on cowpea in West Africa. SGFL seedlings failed to parasitize cowpea, with the development of attached SGFL seedlings arrested at the tubercle stage. The very high level of genetic uniformity observed within and among the central Florida populations suggests that there was likely a single introduction of the parasite or strong host-driven selection to genetic uniformity.These findings are important in assessing the potential of the parasite as an agronomically significant pest in the United States.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Ergot (Sugary Disease) Incited by a Sphacelia sp. on Sorghum in Mississippi in 1997

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Zummo ◽  
L. M. Gourley ◽  
L. E. Trevathan ◽  
M. S. Gonzalez ◽  
J. Dahlberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Illustrated Text ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Claviceps Africana ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
Aphid Honeydew ◽  
The U.S

Ergot (sugary disease) incited by a Sphacelia sp. was observed on Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench var. Sweet Leaf II at Leland and Pop-larville, MS, in October 1997. The disease was characterized by droplets of a thick, sticky, semi-transparent secretion similar to aphid honeydew. The caryopsis of infected florets was converted to relatively soft, chalky pink, tumescent, immature sclerotia (1.5 to 1.7 × 4 mm) with blunt ends. Abundant conidia (11 to 17 × 5 to 7 μm) were produced on stromatic tissue and in large numbers in the sugary secretion. This fungus is similar to that described by Zummo in West Africa (2). Velazquez-Valle et al. (1) recently reported the distribution of Claviceps africana Frederiksen, Mantle & de Milliano in the United States in 1997. The Sphacelia stage of the fungus found in Mississippi is similar to that reported from other areas of the U.S. Our report extends the range for this fungus, which is contiguous to those areas reported by Velazquez-Valle et al. (1). References: (1) R. Velazquez-Valle et al. 37th Annu. Mtg. Carib. Div., Am. Phytopa-thol. Soc., San Jose, Costa Rica, No. 77, 1997. (2) N. Zummo. 1984. Sorghum Diseases in West Africa. An Illustrated Text. USDA/USAID, Zaria, Nigeria.

scholarly journals The Check and Report Ebola (CARE+) Program to Monitor Travelers for Ebola After Arrival to the United States, 2014-2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather A. Joseph ◽  
Abbey E. Wojno ◽  
Kelly Winter ◽  
Onalee Grady-Erickson ◽  
Erin Hawes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Care Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Control And Prevention

The 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa influenced how public health officials considered migration and emerging infectious diseases. Responding to the public’s concerns, the US government introduced enhanced entry screening and post-arrival monitoring by public health authorities to reduce the risk of importation and domestic transmission of Ebola while continuing to allow travel from West Africa. This case study describes a new initiative, the Check and Report Ebola (CARE+) program that engaged travelers arriving to the United States from countries with Ebola outbreaks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention employed CARE ambassadors, who quickly communicated with incoming travelers and gave them practical resources to boost their participation in monitoring for Ebola. The program aimed to increase travelers’ knowledge of Ebola symptoms and how to seek medical care safely, increase travelers’ awareness of monitoring requirements, reduce barriers to monitoring, and increase trust in the US public health system. This program could be adapted for use in future outbreaks that involve the potential importation of disease and require the education and active engagement of travelers to participate in post-arrival monitoring.

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