Abstract
Metallic lithium is considered a promising anode that can significantly increase the energy density of rechargeable lithium-based batteries, but problems like uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites and formation of dead lithium impede its application. Recently, a low-concentration single-salt two-solvent electrolyte, 1M LiTFSI/FDMA/FEC, has attracted attention because a high coulombic efficiency can be achieved even after many cycles owing to the formation of a robust solid electrolyte interface (SEI). However, the reaction mechanism and SEI structure remain unclear, posing significant challenges for further improvement. Here, a hybrid ab initio and reactive force field (HAIR) method revealed the underlying reaction mechanisms and detailed formation pathway. 1 ns HAIR simulation provides critical information on the initial reduction mechanism of solvent (FDMA and FEC) and salt (LiTFSI). FDMA and FEC quickly decompose to provide F- that builds LiF as the major component of the inner layer of inorganic SEI, which has been demonstrated to protect Li anode. Decomposition of FDMA also leads to a significant nitrogen-containing composition, producing Li-N-C, LixN, and other organic components that increase the conductivity of SEI to increase performance. XPS analysis confirms evolution of SEI morphology consistent with available experiments. These results provide atomic insight into SEI formation, which should be beneficial for the rational design of advanced electrolytes
Formation of a Stable Solid-Electrolyte Interphase at Metallic Lithium Anodes Induced by LiNbO3 Protective Layers
