Some Deuterium Isotope Effects. III.1aAn Inverse γ-Deuterium Isotope Effect

1960 ◽  
Vol 82 (24) ◽  
pp. 6315-6318 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Leffek ◽  
J. A. Llewellyn ◽  
R. E. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

scholarly journals Deuterium Isotope Effects in the Oxidation of 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene via the Bromohydroperoxide, by Singlet Oxygen and by Triphenyl Phosphite Ozonide

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (24) ◽  
pp. 4034-4049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl R. Kopecky ◽  
Johan H. van de Sande
Keyword(s):  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Bond Breaking ◽  
Triphenyl Phosphite ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Major Isomer ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects ◽  
Oxygen Oxidation ◽  
Cis And Trans

The partially deuterated alkenes (CH3)2C = C(CD3)2 (1b) and CH3CD3C = CCH3CD3 (1c) were prepared and converted to the corresponding allylic hydroperoxides by the routes shown in the title. Two bromohydroperoxides were formed from 1b in a 1.6:1 ratio with the major isomer having the OOH group on the carbon bearing the CH3's. On treatment with base at 0° this mixture formed two allylic hydroperoxides in a 2.2:1 ratio with the major isomer having the OOH group on the carbon bearing the CD3's, showing migration of the OOH group. This isomer predominated in a 1.4:1 ratio when 1b was oxidized with singlet oxygen at 15 or −52° and in a 1.6:1 ratio when 1b was oxidized with triphenyl phosphite ozonide at −70°. Under the same conditions C—H bond breaking also predominated in the oxidation of 1c, by 2.1:1 via the bromohydroperoxide, by 1.4:1 with singlet oxygen, and by 1.3:1 with triphenyl phosphite ozonide. Migration of the OOH group in the reaction of the bromohydroperoxide of 1b does not occur by way of a 1,2-dioxetane. A perepoxide may be the intermediate. Neither perepoxides nor 1,2-dioxetanes are involved in the singlet oxygen oxidation of 1b and c. At −70° the triphenyl phosphite ozonide oxidations do not proceed by way of these intermediates, either, or by way of singlet oxygen. The intermolecular deuterium isotope effect in the singlet oxygen oxidation of both cis- and trans-2,3-diphenyl-2-butene was found to be 1.1.

The Preparation and Acetolyses of 5-Deuteriated exo-2-Norbornyl-p-bromobenzenesulfonates

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 618-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Werstiuk ◽  
R. R. MacDonald ◽  
R. W. Ouwehand ◽  
W. L. Chan ◽  
F. P. Cappelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Hydrogen Deuterium ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

The deuterionorborneols 2a, b, c, and e have been prepared and converted to the brosylates 1a, b, c, and e. The deuterium isotope effects determined spectrophotometrically for solvolysis in HOAc–KOAc are 1.00 ± 0.01, 1.01 ± 0.01, 0.99 ± 0.01, and 1.11 ± 0.01, respectively. These data establish that: (a) a steric deuterium isotope effect does not operate at C-5 and therefore probably not at C-6; (b) hyperconjugative stabilization of the norbornonium ion to the C-5 hydrogens is confirmed to be not important, and (c) provides the first experimental evidence that the hydrogen (deuterium) shift – internal return pathway contribution to the γ-deuterium isotope effects observed for 1d and e is minor.

Kinetic β-deuterium isotope effects for solvolysis of 1-methyl cyclopentyl chloride in an ethanol+ water mixture

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-117
Author(s):  
Ross Elmore Robertson ◽  
Edward Wong ◽  
John Marshall William Scott ◽  
Michael Jesse Blandamer ◽  
Rehmat Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

Kinetic data are reported for the solvolysis of 1-methyl cyclopentyl chloride in a 50% by volume ethanol+ water mixture. These data are combined with kinetic data for solvolysis of three deuterated analogues; 1-methyl-d3 cyclopentyl chloride, 1-methyl-2,2,5,5-d4 cyclopentyl chloride, and 1-methyl-d3-2,2,5,5-d4 cyclopentyl chloride, being the d3d4, and d7, derivatives respectively. The kinetic data are used to calculate the kinetic deuterium isotope effect, kH/kD. For these systems, the d7-isotope effect is close to the product of the d3 and d4 effects.

A Primary Hydrogen-Deuterium Isotope Effect Study on the Carbonyl Elimination Reaction of 9-Fluorenyl Nitrate with Various Bases

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter James Smith ◽  
Lorraine Marion Noble
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Effect Study ◽  
Elimination Reaction ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Nitrogen Bases ◽  
Transition State Geometry ◽  
Hydrogen Deuterium ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

The carbonyl elimination reaction of 9-fluorenyl nitrate with various nitrogen bases in anhydrous ethanol at 0 °C was examined. In all cases fluorenone was formed in 100% yield indicating that there was not any substitution. A reasonable Brønsted plot was obtained for reaction promoted by structurally similar bases with β = 0.84 which suggests a product-like transition state. As well, deviations from the Brønsted plot are discussed. Primary hydrogen-deuterium isotope effects were measured for reaction promoted by 11 different amine bases. A reasonable correlation was obtained for structurally similar bases when a plot of kH/kDvs. pKa was made. The conclusion is reached that when kH/kD reaches a maximum, ∼9.2 at 0 °C, it remains unchanged and hence is a poor measure of transition state geometry. As well, very poor correlations are found when the abstracting base is tertiary which leads to the conclusion that a comparison of kH/kD values is not warranted for structurally different bases.

?-Secondary deuterium isotope effect and solvent isotope effects in catalysis by subtilisin BPN?

1990 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildiko M. Kovach ◽  
Son Do ◽  
Richard L. Schowen
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Solvent Isotope ◽  
Solvent Isotope Effects

2,4-Diazapentadienes. II. A Carbanion Cyclization

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 678-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Hunter ◽  
S. K. Sim
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Solvent Effects ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Substituent Effects ◽  
Deuterium Exchange ◽  
Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Potassium Methoxide ◽  
Proton Shift ◽  
Hydrogen Deuterium

The mechanism of the cyclization and 1,3-proton shift of 1,3,5-triaryl-2,4-diaza-1,3-pentadienes (1) catalyzed by phenyllithium and by potassium methoxide–methanol has been studied. On the basis of substituent effects, hydrogen–deuterium exchange, isotope effects, and solvent effects, it was deduced that both the cyclization and prototropy involve a common W-shaped carbanion which rapidly cyclizes. A kinetic deuterium isotope effect of 2 was calculated for protonation of this intermediate carbanion in methanol.

SOME DEUTERIUM KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS: IV. β-DEUTERIUM EFFECTS IN WATER SOLVOLYSIS OF ETHYL, ISOPROPYL, AND tert-BUTYL COMPOUNDS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2171-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Leffek ◽  
J. A. Llewellyn ◽  
R. E. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effects ◽  
Alkyl Halides ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects ◽  
Intramolecular Forces

The secondary β-deuterium isotope effects have been measured in the water solvolytic reaction of alkyl halides and sulphonates for primary, secondary, and tertiary species. In every case the kinetic isotope effect was greater than unity (kH/kD > 1). This isotope effect may be associated with varying degrees of hyperconjugation or altered non-bonding intramolecular forces. The experiments make it difficult to decide which effect is most important.

Correlation of isotope effects in substitution reactions with nucleophilicities. Secondary α-deuterium isotope effect in the iodide-131 exchange of methyl-d3 iodide

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (18) ◽  
pp. 2023-2031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Seltzer ◽  
Andreas A. Zavitsas
Keyword(s):  
Nucleophilic Substitution ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Substitution Reactions ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions ◽  
Leaving Group ◽  
The Difference

The secondary α-deuterium isotope effect in iodide-131 exchange of methyl-d3 iodide is kH/kD = 1.05 ± 0.01 in methanol and 1.10 ± 0.04 in water at 20°. A correlation of secondary α-deuterium and 13C effects, in bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions, with the difference of E values between nucleophile and leaving group is presented.

The photodissociation of ammonia in the absorption system. Part I. Deuterium isotope effects in the photodissociation

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1380-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Koda ◽  
R. A. Back
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Absorption System ◽  
System Part ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

The photolyses of mixtures of NH3, NH2D, NHD2, and ND3 have been studied at wave lengths of 2144, 2139, 2062, and 1850 Å in the presence of C3H8 as a hydrogen atom scavenger. Quantum yields of dissociation have the same values for all four species, presumably unity. Analysis of the H2 and HD produced permitted evaluation of intramolecular deuterium isotope effects in the photodissociation of NH2D and ND2H. At the two shortest wavelengths dissociation of H was favored by a factor of 2 or 3, while at 2144 and 2139 Å the isotope effect was much larger. Implications for the mechanism of the predissociation of the Ã-state of ammonia are discussed briefly. The system does not appear to be useful for the photochemical separation of deuterium.

Réactions d'addition nucléophiles sur les cétones. Mise en évidence d'un effet directionnel d'origine stérique dans l'effet isotopique secondaire du deutérium

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Boyer ◽  
Gérard Lamaty ◽  
Jean-Pierre Roque ◽  
Patrick Geneste
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Reaction Process ◽  
Addition Reactions ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Directional Effect ◽  
Sulfite Ions ◽  
Process Journal

A kinetic study of the addition reactions of borohydride and sulfite ions and of hydroxylamine to a number of stereospecifically deuterated carbonyl compounds (3,3,5,5-tetramethyl cyclohexanone, 7,7-d2-bicyclo[2,2,1]-2-bornanone) leads to the observation of a distant secondary deuterium isotope effect. The results obtained reveal the intervention of a directional effect in the steric origin of these isotope effects. In particular, this study shows the importance of the orientation of the vibrations brought into play by a C—D bond during the reaction process. (Journal translation)

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