The Potential of Encapsulated Iron Compounds in Food Fortification: A Review

2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Ferrous Sulfate ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Iron Bioavailability ◽  
Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Ferric Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Ferrous Fumarate ◽  
Ferric Ammonium ◽  
Sensory Changes

Iron (Fe) encapsulation has the potential to help overcome several major challenges in Fe fortification of foods. It may decrease unwanted sensory changes in fortified products and reduce interactions of Fe with food components that lower Fe bioavailability. However, the effect of encapsulation per se on Fe bioavailability is a concern. Rat studies comparing encapsulated ferrous sulfate, ferric ammonium citrate, and ferrous fumarate to non-encapsulated compounds indicate that a ratio of capsule:substrate of _ 60:40 may decrease the relative bioavailability (RBV) of the Fe by approximately 20%. At a ratio of capsule:substrate of _ 50: 50, the RBV of encapsulated ferrous sulfate appears to be similar to ferrous sulfate. Even minor changes in capsule composition may influence Fe bioavailability. Encapsulated ferrous fumarate given with ascorbic acid as a complementary food supplement and encapsulated ferrous sulfate fortified into salt have been shown to be efficacious in anemic children. For salt fortification, further refinements in Fe capsule design are needed to increase resistance to moisture and abrasion, while maintaining bioavailability. Studies evaluating the potential efficacy of encapsulated Fe in staple cereals (wheat and maize flours) are needed. A potential barrier to use of encapsulated forms of Fe in staple food fortification is the relatively low melting point of the capsules, which may cause unwanted sensory changes during food preparation. Research and development efforts to improve the quality of coatings and their resistance to high temperatures are ongoing. Process costs for encapsulation can be high, and unless they can be reduced, may limit applications. Further research is needed to determine which encapsulation technologies are most effective in ensuring iron bioavailability from encapsulated compounds.

scholarly journals A study on the aspects of pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacohaemovigilance of ferrous ascorbate, ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulphate and ferric ammonium citrate, among the rural anaemic women, in the Indian spectrum

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2751
Author(s):  
Moumita Hazra
Keyword(s):  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Ferric Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Ferrous Fumarate ◽  
Ferrous Ascorbate ◽  
Ferric Ammonium

Background: Anaemia is a global health concern, associated with increased maternal and perinatal mortality, preterm delivery, low birth weight, extreme fatigue and impaired immune system; and controlled by oral haematinics; with a rise in haemoglobin concentration. The objective was to examine the various aspects of pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacohaemovigilance of oral haematinics, among the anaemic women population, in rural India.Methods: This was a multi-centre, retrospective, observational and analytical study of the hospital medical records of 250 anaemic patients, who were allocated into group A of 125 patients within 15-21 years and group B of 125 patients within 22-35 years. The patients were prescribed oral haematinics, containing 60 mg of elemental iron, thrice daily, with meals. The various aspects of pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacohaemovigilance of ferrous ascorbate, ferrous sulphate, ferrous fumarate and ferric ammonium citrate, including patients’ demographic characteristics, anaemic symptoms assessment, prescription patterns, and safety assessment, on 1st, 2nd, 3rd months and follow-up visits, were recorded and thoroughly analysed..Results: In groups A and B, the demographic characteristics of the patients were comparable; ferrous ascorbate was the most commonly prescribed oral haematinic, followed by ferrous sulphate, ferrous fumarate and ferric ammonium citrate, which controlled mild to moderate iron deficiency anaemia, with a gradual significant rise in haemoglobin concentration, in the successive 3 months; and adverse effects were observed to be statistically non-significant in either group.Conclusions: The different aspects of pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacohaemovigilance in the study established that the oral haematinics were reasonably beneficial and safe among the anaemic women population, in rural India.

THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN ORAL AND INJECTABLE IRON PREPARATIONS ON THE BLOOD OF BABY PIGS

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Doornenbal
Keyword(s):  
Oral Iron ◽  
Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
Ferric Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Iron Dextran ◽  
Ferric Ammonium ◽  
Iron Sulphate

Haemoglobin levels, haematocrit values and erythrocyte counts were determined at weekly intervals from 3 to 45 days of age for 60 pigs which received iron in the form of: injectable iron-dextran (A); injectable iron-dextran (B); injectable ferric ammonium citrate; oral iron in the form of paste, or sods sprinkled with iron sulphate. The iron-dextran and ferric ammonium citrate compounds were administered at 3 days of age as single injections supplying 100 mgm. of iron and 30 mgm. of ferric ammonium citrate respectively. The paste was administered at 3, 10, 17 and 24 days of age. Sods were fed twice a week during the period of 3 days to 28 days of age.The sod treatment maintained normal blood values while the iron-dextran compounds and the paste resulted in values somewhat below normal, although visible evidence of anaemia was not apparent. Blood values for the group receiving ferric ammonium citrate were extremely low and two pigs on this treatment died at 42 and 60 days of age. Both exhibited severe anaemia.Significant differences were obtained in weaning weights. The heaviest pigs were those receiving sods; the lightest pigs those receiving injectable ferric ammonium citrate. The effect of the different treatments on growth was not apparent until after 21 days of age.

scholarly journals Gentian Violet and Ferric Ammonium Citrate DisruptPseudomonas AeruginosaBiofilms

2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 2050-2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric W. Wang ◽  
Gabriela Agostini ◽  
Osarenoma Olomu ◽  
Daniel Runco ◽  
Jae Y. Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gentian Violet ◽  
Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Ferric Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Ferric Ammonium
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