This chapter focuses on the Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults (CARC), created by Stalin in 1944 in order to supervise all officially recognized religions in the USSR with the exception of Russian Orthodox Christianity. CARC vigorously promoted an interpretation of Stalin’s 1943‒44 religious reforms that stressed moderation toward religion and the sanctity of freedom of conscience. As a result of this posture, CARC invested heavily in SADUM’s right to control Muslim communities and enjoy autonomy from local government authorities. It also began to sift through the maze of Central Asian Islamic practices in order to build a vision of a tolerable “Soviet Islam.” Thanks largely to CARC, the 1950s ended up being the most relaxed decade in terms of Soviet pressure on Islam.