Effects of semantic diversity and word frequency on single word processing.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtiss A. Chapman ◽  
Randi C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Single Word

Age-related differences in beta engagement during single word processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1250-1260
Author(s):  
Anna E. Middleton ◽  
Julie M. Schneider ◽  
Mandy J. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Word Processing ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Age Related

Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing

Nature ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 331 (6157) ◽  
pp. 585-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Petersen ◽  
P. T. Fox ◽  
M. I. Posner ◽  
M. Mintun ◽  
M. E. Raichle
Keyword(s):  
Word Processing ◽  
Positron Emission Tomographic ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Positron Emission

scholarly journals Interaction effects of aging, word frequency, and predictability on saccade length in Chinese reading

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8860
Author(s):  
Zhifang Liu ◽  
Wen Tong ◽  
Yongqiang Su
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Chinese Reading ◽  
Saccade Length ◽  
Total Reading Time

Background It was well known that age has an impact on word processing (word frequency or predictability) in terms of fixating time during reading. However, little is known about whether or not age modulates these impacts on saccade behaviors in Chinese reading (i.e., length of incoming/outgoing saccades for a target word). Methods Age groups, predictability, and frequency of target words were manipulated in the present study. A larger frequency effect on lexical accessing (i.e., gaze duration) and on context integration (i.e., go-past time, total reading time), as well as larger predictability effects on data of raw total reading time, were observed in older readers when compared with their young counterparts. Results Effect of predictability and frequency on word skipping and re-fixating rate did not differ across the two age groups. Notably, reliable interaction effects of age, along with word predictability and/or frequency, on the length of the first incoming/outgoing saccade for a target word were also observed. Discussion Our findings suggest that the word processing function of older Chinese readers in terms of saccade targeting declines with age.

Lexical entrenchment and cross-language activation: Two sides of the same coin for bilingual reading across the adult lifespan

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
VERONICA WHITFORD ◽  
DEBRA TITONE
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
Cross Language

We used eye movement measures of paragraph reading to examine whether two consequences of bilingualism, namely, reduced lexical entrenchment (i.e., reduced lexical quality and accessibility arising from less absolute language experience) and cross-language activation (i.e., simultaneous co-activation of target- and non-target-language lexical representations) interact during word processing in bilingual younger and older adults. Specifically, we focused on the interaction between word frequency (a predictor of lexical entrenchment) and cross-language neighborhood density (a predictor of cross-language activation) during first- and second-language reading. Across both languages and both age groups, greater cross-language (and within-language) neighborhood density facilitated word processing, indexed by smaller word frequency effects. Moreover, word frequency effects and, to a lesser extent, cross-language neighborhood density effects were larger in older versus younger adults, potentially reflecting age-related changes in lexical accessibility and cognitive control. Thus, lexical entrenchment and cross-language activation multiplicatively influence bilingual word processing across the adult lifespan.

scholarly journals The Word Frequency Effect in Word Processing: An Updated Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Paweł Mandera ◽  
Emmanuel Keuleers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Frequency Measure ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
High Frequency Words

The word frequency effect refers to the observation that high-frequency words are processed more efficiently than low-frequency words. Although the effect was first described over 80 years ago, in recent years it has been investigated in more detail. It has become clear that considerable quality differences exist between frequency estimates and that we need a new standardized frequency measure that does not mislead users. Research also points to consistent individual differences in the word frequency effect, meaning that the effect will be present at different word frequency ranges for people with different degrees of language exposure. Finally, a few ongoing developments point to the importance of semantic diversity rather than mere differences in the number of times words have been encountered and to the importance of taking into account word prevalence in addition to word frequency.

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