Prevention of Psychological Effects of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD 25) by its 2-Brom Derivative (BOL 148)

BackgroundLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent serotonergic hallucinogen or psychedelic that modulates consciousness in a marked and novel way. This study sought to examine the acute and mid-term psychological effects of LSD in a controlled study.MethodA total of 20 healthy volunteers participated in this within-subjects study. Participants received LSD (75 µg, intravenously) on one occasion and placebo (saline, intravenously) on another, in a balanced order, with at least 2 weeks separating sessions. Acute subjective effects were measured using the Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire and the Psychotomimetic States Inventory (PSI). A measure of optimism (the Revised Life Orientation Test), the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, and the Peter's Delusions Inventory were issued at baseline and 2 weeks after each session.ResultsLSD produced robust psychological effects; including heightened mood but also high scores on the PSI, an index of psychosis-like symptoms. Increased optimism and trait openness were observed 2 weeks after LSD (and not placebo) and there were no changes in delusional thinking.ConclusionsThe present findings reinforce the view that psychedelics elicit psychosis-like symptoms acutely yet improve psychological wellbeing in the mid to long term. It is proposed that acute alterations in mood are secondary to a more fundamental modulation in the quality of cognition, and that increased cognitive flexibility subsequent to serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) stimulation promotes emotional lability during intoxication and leaves a residue of ‘loosened cognition’ in the mid to long term that is conducive to improved psychological wellbeing.

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Relation of Physiological and Psychological Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry ◽

10.1001/archneurpsyc.1957.02330360115013 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 77 (6) ◽

pp. 657 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

CONAN KORNETSKY

Keyword(s):

Lysergic Acid ◽

Psychological Effects ◽

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

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Alleviation of the Psychological Effects of LSD in Man by 5-Hydroxytryptophan

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.104.437.1237 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 104 (437) ◽

pp. 1237-1244 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

J. C. Brengelmann ◽

C. M. B. Pare ◽

M. Sandler

Keyword(s):

Psychological Tests ◽

Lysergic Acid ◽

Psychological Effects ◽

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽

Placebo Controls

In the investigation described, the hypothesis was tested that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) acts to reduce the psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). The method was to inject 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) prior to LSD and to compare the results of psychological tests performed after these injections. Placebo controls were used.

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Effects of 5-Hydroxytryptophan on Schizophrenia

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.105.440.770 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 105 (440) ◽

pp. 770-776 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. C. Brengelmann ◽

C. M. B. Pare ◽

M. Sandler

Keyword(s):

Previous Experiment ◽

Psychological Tests ◽

Lysergic Acid ◽

Psychological Effects ◽

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽

Functional Abnormality ◽

Psychotomimetic Effects

The present investigation represents a logical continuation of a previous experiment where it was shown that the injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) alleviates the psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) (Brengelmann, Pare and Sandler, 1958). LSD is of interest in psychiatry because the psychotomimetic effects of the drug bear a resemblance to schizophrenia clinically, in psychological tests and, according to Hoagland, Rinkel and Hyde (1955), in their abnormal excretion of urinary phosphate. The possibility presents itself that, in some cases of schizophrenia, the functional abnormality is similar to that produced by LSD.

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Changes in Online Psychoactive Substance Trade via Telegram during the COVID-19 Pandemic

European Addiction Research ◽

10.1159/000516853 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Matthijs Blankers ◽

Daan van der Gouwe ◽

Lavinia Stegemann ◽

Laura Smit-Rigter

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Relative Increase ◽

Lysergic Acid ◽

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽

Psychoactive Substance ◽

Before And After ◽

Other Substances

Background: In this article, we present an evaluation of online psychoactive substance trade via Telegram, a free encrypted social media messenger service. The evaluation took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, which allowed us to monitor the effects of the spring 2020 lockdown in the Netherlands on substance trade via Telegram. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether changes in psychoactive substance trade on Telegram markets in the Netherlands can be observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Between December 2, 2019, and June 29, 2020, a total of 70,226 posts appeared in two analyzed Telegram groups. A total of 5,643 posts were psychoactive substance related. Based on the analyzed posts, Telegram is mostly a ‘“sellers” market as only a minority of the posts (6.3%) could be identified as a request for a substance. The proportion of posts related to specific substances varied between the periods before, during, and after the lockdown. The proportion of posts on the stimulants ecstasy, cocaine, and amphetamine was lower during the lockdown than before and after. For psychedelics – ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) – and other substances, there was a relative increase in the number of posts during the lockdown, which was maintained after the lockdown. Conclusions: Telegram analysis shows that in the Netherlands, online psychoactive substance trade may have been affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The direction of this effect was different for different classes of substances.

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