Differences of electroencephalography wave with eyes-closed between older women with dementia and without dementia

Electroencephalograph (EEG) is an alternative tool to detect brain abnormalities, but research on dementia patients is still limited. This study aimed to determine the differences in EEG waves with closed eyes between older women with dementia and non-dementia. This research uses a cross-sectional method. Examination of dementia using MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) with a cut-off value of 23 and examination of brain waves using InteraXon Muse Headband EEG (InteraXon, Canada) for 10 minutes at rest with eyes closed. The study sample consisted of 27 women with dementia and 27 non-dementia women with a mean age of 74.65 years from nursing homes and public health centers in Bandung, Indonesia. Data analysis used independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that there were significant differences in Delta AF7 (p = 0.007), Delta TP9 (p = 0.039), Delta TP10 (p = 0.024), and Theta AF7 (p = 0.017). Older women with dementia have lower slow waves (delta and theta waves) than older women without dementia. In conclusion, older women with dementia had decreased EEG waves, including those in Delta AF7, Delta TP9, Delta TP10, and Theta AF7, compared with older women without dementia. Further research can be done with a larger number of respondents and provide stimulation during the EEG examination.

Low striatal T3 is implicated in inattention and memory impairment in an ADHD mouse model overexpressing thyroid hormone-responsive protein

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, potentially with a biological basis; however, its exact cause remains unknown. Thyroid hormone (TH) abnormalities are more prevalent in patients with ADHD than in the general population, indicating a shared pathogenetic mechanism for these conditions. Previously, we identified that overexpression of thyroid hormone-responsive protein (THRSP), a gene highly responsive to TH status, induced inattention in male mice. Herein, we sought to explore whether TH function in THRSP-overexpressing (THRSP OE) mice influences ADHD-like (inattention) behavior. We now confirm that THRSP overexpression in male mice reproduces behavioral features of ADHD, including sustained inattention and memory impairment, accompanied by excessive theta waves that were found normal in both the THRSP-knockout and hetero groups. Physiological characterization revealed low striatal T3 levels in the THRSP OE mice due to reduced striatal T3-specific monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), indicating brain-specific hypothyroidism in this transgenic mouse strain. TH replacement for seven days rescued inattention and memory impairment and the normalization of theta waves. This study further supports the involvement of the upregulated THRSP gene in ADHD pathology and indicates that THRSP OE mice can serve as an animal model for the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD.

Effects of Neurofeedback in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Choosing the right treatment is critical to controlling and improving symptoms. An innovative ADHD treatment is neurofeedback (NF) that trains participants to self-regulate brain activity. The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of NF interventions in children with ADHD. A systematic review was carried out in the CINAHL, Medline (PubMed), Proquest, and Scopus databases, following the PRISMA recommendations. Nine articles were found. The NF improved behavior, allowed greater control of impulsivity, and increased sustained attention. In addition, it improved motor control, bimanual coordination and was associated with a reduction in theta waves. NF combined with other interventions such as medication, physical activity, behavioral therapy training, or attention training with brain–computer interaction, reduced primary ADHD symptoms. Furthermore, more randomized controlled trials would be necessary to determine the significant effects.

Clinical Findings in SMR Neurofeedback Protocol Training in Women with Fibromyalgia Syndrome

Fibromyalgia is related to central sensitization syndrome (CSS) and is associated with chronic pain and a decrease in general health. The aim of this study was to explore how changes in brain patterns of female fibromyalgia patients are shaped by neurofeedback therapy and how it affects pain perception and general health. A quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-tests was carried out with 37 female fibromyalgia patients referred by the Pain Unit of the National Health Service of Spain. The method involved applying a sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) protocol to monitor changes in brain waves under different conditions, taking pre-/post-test measurements of perceived pain, general health and the impact on fibromyalgia. Measures included the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire Revised (FIQR), the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and EEG (SMR, theta waves). During therapy, the SMR/theta wave ratio increased significantly and after application of therapy, significant results were observed for the FIQR, VAS and GHQ-28. In conclusion, neurofeedback therapy increases the SMR/theta wave ratio in fibromyalgia, helping to maintain a balance between brain functions. This is associated with the activation of inhibitory processes, which is related to the perceived improvement of pain in fibromyalgia patients.

Amplitude Integrated Electroencephalography and Continuous Electroencephalography Monitoring Is Crucial in High-Risk Infants and Their Findings Correlate With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Background: To evaluate seizure diagnosis in sick infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) based on electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring combined with amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG).Methods: We retrospectively reviewed EEG and aEEG findings and determined their correlations with neurodevelopmental outcomes at the age of >1 year in 65 patients with diagnosed seizures, encephalopathy, or both.Results: Seizure identification rate was 43.1%. The rate in nonstructural groups (hypocalcemic, hypoglycemic, and genetic seizures) was 71.4%, which was higher (p < 0.05) than the rate of 35.3% of structural brain lesion group [hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and congenital brain structural malformation]. The aEEG background correlating with neurodevelopmental outcomes had 70.0% positive prediction value (PPV), 65.5%% negative prediction value (NPV), 67.7% specificity, and 67.9% sensitivity (p < 0.005). The aEEG background strongly (PPV, 93.8%; p < 0.005) correlated with the outcomes in HIE. For genetic seizures, the detected rate was high. The ictal recordings for the nonstructural seizures revealed downflected on the aEEG background initially, which differed from the structural lesion.Conclusions: EEG monitoring combined with aEEG can detect seizures, facilitating early treatment. EEG changes during seizures could exhibit delta-theta waves with or without clinical seizures in patients with brain lesions. In non-structural etiologies (hypocalcemic and KCNQ2 seizures), aEEG initially exhibited lower background during seizures that could aid in differentiating these EEG changes from those of other etiologies. The aEEG background was correlated with neurodevelopmental outcome and exhibited high PPV but not NPV in neonatal HIE.

#3115 Systematic review into the effects of sleep disorders on the development of PTSD

ObjectivesTo examine if sleep problems act as a risk factor for future PTSD development in military, child, and general adult demographics. We will also be examining specific sleep disorders, such as nightmares and insomnia, as well as examining general sleep complaints in a series of sub-sections (REM sleep, Sleep duration, quality, latency, and maintenance) to see if it is possible with the current literature to discover potential hints into the development of PTSD.MethodsSix databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Psych info, AMED, and OpenGray) were searched with a standardised search strategy. The papers were then screened for relevance and quality controlled using the Ottowa-Newcastle Scale and the CASP cohort checklist by two reviewers until only relevant and high quality cohort studies remained. Relevant information and data was extracted from published sources and information on insomnia, nightmares, REM sleep, and 4 specific sleep subcategories (sleep duration, quality, latency, and maintenance) were gathered and examined. Nometa-analysis was planned.ResultsOut of the 1813 documents gathered from the various databases, 25 papers were deemed fit for narrative synthesis. 19 discussed insomnia or general sleep complaints, and found that those tended to correlate with development of future PTSD, with little distinction between if the insomnia appeared pre or post-trauma. 6 discussed nightmares and found that those too were predictive, and 2 discussed REM sleep and found that REM theta waves were potentially predictive.ConclusionIt is almost certain that complaints of poor sleep predict future PTSD development, with insomnia being predictive of many psychiatric conditions not just PTSD, and nightmares being more specific to the development of just PTSD. It has also been suggested that only subjectively (not objectively) poor sleep predicts PTSD. This would explain why specific sleep categories all have mostly mixed results, but the idea is not backed completely in the literature.

Shining a Light on the Mechanisms of Sleep for Memory Consolidation

Purpose of review This paper reviews all optogenetic studies that directly test various sleep states, traits, and circuit-level activity profiles for the consolidation of different learning tasks. Recent findings Inhibiting or exciting neurons involved either in the production of sleep states or in the encoding and consolidation of memories reveals sleep states and traits that are essential for memory. REM sleep, NREM sleep, and the N2 transition to REM (characterized by sleep spindles) are integral to memory consolidation. Neural activity during sharp-wave ripples, slow oscillations, theta waves, and spindles are the mediators of this process. Summary These studies lend strong support to the hypothesis that sleep is essential to the consolidation of memories from the hippocampus and the consolidation of motor learning which does not necessarily involve the hippocampus. Future research can further probe the types of memory dependent on sleep-related traits and on the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators required.

Optimalisasi Prestasi Akademis Berbasis Hipnosis

Purpose: Optimization of academic achievement based on Hypno-education aims to improve achievement using the hypnosis method, namely the subconscious power method. This methodology uses the power of suggestion to the theta waves in the student's subconscious mind. The achiever personality is inserted into the theta wave. The population of participants is students majoring in Management in Good Corporate Governance at the IPMI International Business School Campus of 72 schools. Students sit quietly in the lecture chair starting with fun things such as eye exercises, brain exercises, motoric movements and then calm with the aim of ice breaking, so that the atmosphere is conducive and not tense. Conducive conditions that are not tense will lead to a pleasant atmosphere so that the brain is open to being flexible when good suggestions are inserted. When the students are bowed down in a sleepy condition or half asleep and half awake, the next story is stimulated by theta music. This condition is the condition of the students' brains very ready for positive suggestions. The main objective is for students who are active in studying, do not receive lessons, and continuously return to the study table to pay more attention to their lessons. Method: This Community Service is the 10th time this activity has collected data on student achievement results before and after therapy. The data tabulation of the Mid-Semester Examination values (UTS) or Final Semester (UAS) before and after hypnosis therapy is an indica tor that believes in hypno-education. Results: The results of student achievement increased sharply in their academic achievement

Vigilance and behavioral state-dependent modulation of cortical neuronal activity throughout the sleep/wake cycle

GABAergic inhibitory neurons, through their molecular, anatomic and physiological diversity, provide a substrate for the modulation of ongoing cortical circuit activity throughout the sleep-wake cycle. Here, we investigated neuronal activity dynamics of parvalbumin (PV), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SST) neurons in naturally-sleeping head-restrained mice at the level of layer 2/3 of the primary somatosensory barrel cortex of mice. Through calcium-imaging and targeted single-unit loose-patch or whole-cell recordings, we found that PV action potential (AP) firing activity was largest during both NREM (non-rapid eye movement) and REM sleep stages, that VIP neurons were activated during REM sleep and that the overall activity of SST neurons remained stable throughout the sleep/wake cycle. Analysis of neuronal activity dynamics uncovered rapid decreases in PV cell firing at wake onset followed by a progressive recovery during wake. Simultaneous local field potential (LFP) recordings further revealed that, except for SST neurons, a large proportion of neurons were modulated by ongoing delta and theta waves. During NREM sleep spindles, PV and SST activity increased and decreased, respectively. Finally, we uncovered the presence of whisking behavior in mice during REM sleep and show that the activity of VIP and SST is differentially modulated during awake and sleeping whisking bouts, which may provide a neuronal substrate for internal brain representations occurring during sleep.

Using Bilateral tDCS to Modulate EEG Amplitude and Coherence of Men With Opioid Use Disorder Under Methadone Therapy: A Sham-controlled Clinical Trial

Objective. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the electroencephalography (EEG) amplitude and coherence in male patients with opioid use disorder (OUD), who were under methadone therapy. It compares the effects of active versus sham tDCS. Methods. This is a double-blind sham-controlled clinical trial. Participants were 30 male patients with OUD; they were divided into 3 groups of left anode/right cathode tDCS, right anode/left cathode tDCS, and sham tDCS. Their brainwave activity was measured by quantitative EEG before study and then active groups underwent tDCS (2 mA, 20 min) applied over their right/left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 10 consecutive days. After stimulation, they were re-assessed. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS, MATLAB, and NeuroGuide v.2 applications. Results. After active tDCS, a significant decrease in amplitude of slow brain waves (delta, theta, and alpha) in prefrontal, frontal, occipital, and parietal areas, and an increase in the coherence of beta, delta, and theta frequency bands in the parietal, central, and temporal regions of addicts were reported. In the sham group, there was a significant decrease in the amplitude of the alpha wave and in the coherence of delta and theta waves. Conclusion. The active tDCS over the right/left DLPFC, as a noninvasive and complementary treatment, can modulate the amplitude and coherence of brainwaves in patients with OUD.