As the integrator of energy resources (DERs), a virtual power plant (VPP) would be able to control the amount of the power access to the distribution transformers such that energy efficiency can be improved. Battery energy storage system (BESS) and demand response (DR) as DERs can entrust the VPP with certain controllability to regulate the power supply of the distribution system. This paper aims to maximize the benefit of the supplied powers over the 24 hours under VPP operation. Combining an iterative dynamic programming optimal BESS schedule approach and a PSO-based DR scheme optimization approach, an optimal VPP operational method is proposed to minimize the total electricity cost with respect to the power supply limit of the distribution transformers and the system security constraints, especially, within the peak load hours. With the TOU rate given each hour, test results had confirmed the validity of the proposed method with the obviously decreased power supply in each peak-load hours and the largely reduced electricity cost accordingly.
A Bidding Model for a Virtual Power Plant via Robust Optimization Approach
