Abstract
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a key pest of olive groves. Because of its economic importance and problems associated with chemical control, new approaches to reduce the damage caused by this pest and a deeper knowledge of the biology of the insect and the relationship of landscape structure to different biological parameters are needed. B. oleae can fly long distances and its ability to move within the landscape can determine the damage caused to olive groves. This work evaluates the effect of landscape structure on olive fruit fly abundance, movements and damage at three times of year—spring, early autumn and late autumn—in central Spain. This area is less dominated by olive groves than southern Spain, where the relationship between olive grove area and B. oleae abundance is already known. A cost-distance analysis is used to evaluate the landscape effect on the movement of the fly along the crop cycle. The olive grove area is the landscape composition factor with the greatest effect on the parameters studied, with a decrease in B. oleae abundance in a more complex landscape during spring and early autumn. The cost-distance analysis shows that the olive fruit fly moves mainly in spring, and amongst olive groves. There is no evidence that land uses other than olive groves serve as a summer refuge for B.oleae in the studied landscape context. Olive grove area and land use diversity index had significant effects on olive damage in more than one year.
Quantum-control-landscape structure viewed along straight paths through the space of control fields
