Two Models of Additional Adjacencies between the Root and Descendants in a Complete Binary Tree Minimizing Total Path Length

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Sawada ◽  
Sio-Iong Ao ◽  
Alan Hoi-Shou Chan ◽  
Hideki Katagiri ◽  
Osca Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binary Tree ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Complete Binary Tree ◽  
Total Path Length

Huffman Tree Visualization

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1883-1886
Author(s):  
Xiao Bo Yang ◽  
Bang Ze Chen
Keyword(s):  
Binary Tree ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Huffman Coding ◽  
Object Oriented Method ◽  
Complete Binary Tree ◽  
Coding Method ◽  
Lossless Data Compression ◽  
Tree Visualization

Huffman tree is also called the optimal binary tree, is a kind of weighted shortest path length of the binary tree; Huffman coding is a coding method, which is used for a lossless data compression entropy coding ( right encoding ) optimal coding method. The realization of Huffman tree visualization is of great significance, this paper uses the object-oriented method, using a complete binary tree of Huffman tree visualization, visual image display of the Huffman coding process.

scholarly journals Differences between Tempos of Step Error and Postural Sway in the Stipulated Tempo Step Test for Children and Their Relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Hiroki Aoki ◽  
Shin-ichi Demura ◽  
Kenji Takahashi ◽  
Hiroshi Hirai
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Total Path Length ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
Balance Ability ◽  
Path Lengths ◽  
Slow Tempo

Recently, to evaluate dynamic balance ability, a stipulated tempo step test has been developed, and a step error between tempo and contact time of feet has been used as an evaluation variable. The step error, postural sway, and their relationships may differ between the slow tempo (40 bpm) and fast tempo (120 bpm). This study aimed to examine the aforementioned problem with 62 participant children (30 boys and 32 girls). The step error and postural sway variables (X-axis path length, Y-axis path length, total path length, peripheral area, and rectangular area) during stepping while matching both tempos were measured. Means of one minute and three intervals (0–20 sec, 20–40 sec, and 40–60 sec) for each variable were calculated in both tempos. The results of the paired t-test showed that means of all variables were larger in the 40 bpm tempo than in the 120 bpm tempo. In the multiple comparison tests after the results of the two-way repeated measures ANOVA, the means of three intervals in all variables were larger in the 40 bpm tempo than in the 120 bpm tempo; the means of the sway variables, excluding that of the X-axis path length, in the 40 bpm tempo were larger in the 0–20 sec interval than in the 20–40 sec interval or the 40–60 sec interval. Correlations between step errors and those between the step error and sway variables of both tempos were insignificant or under moderation. The correlations between the step error and sway variables in both tempos were insignificant or significant but low, and those among sway variables were high, except between the X- and Y-axis path lengths. The relationship between both axis path lengths differed according to the tempo. In conclusion, in the case of the stipulated tempo step test targeting children, the slow tempo has a greater step error and postural sway than the fast tempo, and the sway in the early step stage is greater in the slow tempo. The relationships between step errors and between the step error and sway variables of both tempos are low; hence, the ability related to the test may differ in both tempos. The relationships among sway variables in both tempos are high, except between the X- and Y-axis path lengths.

Binary Trees and the n-Cutset Property

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Arpin ◽  
John Ginsburg
Keyword(s):  
Positive Integer ◽  
Partially Ordered Set ◽  
Binary Tree ◽  
Ordered Set ◽  
Maximal Chain ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Complete Binary Tree ◽  
Maximal Elements ◽  
Extremal Case ◽  
Result Theorem

AbstractA partially ordered set P is said to have the n-cutset property if for every element x of P, there is a subset S of P all of whose elements are noncomparable to x, with |S| ≤ n, and such that every maximal chain in P meets {x} ∪ S. It is known that if P has the n-cutset property then P has at most 2n maximal elements. Here we are concerned with the extremal case. We let Max P denote the set of maximal elements of P. We establish the following result. THEOREM: Let n be a positive integer. Suppose P has the n-cutset property and that |Max P| = 2n. Then P contains a complete binary tree T of height n with Max T = Max P and such that C ∩ T is a maximal chain in T for every maximal chain C of P. Two examples are given to show that this result does not extend to the case when n is infinite. However the following is shown. THEOREM: Suppose that P has the ω-cutset property and that |Max P| = 2ω. If P — Max P is countable then P contains a complete binary tree of height ω

Control of Stance and Developmental Coordination Disorder: The Role of Visual Information

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eryk P. Przysucha ◽  
M. Jane Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Total Path Length ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Stability Limits ◽  
Coordination Disorder

The purpose of this study was to compare the postural sway profiles of 20 boys with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) on two conditions of a quiet standing task: eyes open and eyes closed. Anterior-posterior (AP) sway, medio-lateral sway (LAT), area of sway, total path length, and Romberg’s quotient were analyzed. When visual information was available, there was no difference between groups in LAT sway or path length. However, boys with DCD demonstrated more AP sway (p < .01) and greater area of sway (p < .03), which resulted in pronounced excursions closer to their stability limits. Analysis of Romberg’s quotient indicated that boys with DCD did not over-rely on visual information.

scholarly journals The Dimensionless Squared Jerk: An Objective Parameter That Improves Assessment of Hand Motion Analysis during Simulated Shoulder Arthroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Kholinne ◽  
Maulik J. Gandhi ◽  
Arnold Adikrishna ◽  
Hanpyo Hong ◽  
Haewon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Shoulder Arthroscopy ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Arthroscopic Surgery ◽  
Optical Tracking ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Total Path Length ◽  
Acceleration Threshold ◽  
Objective Parameter

Purpose. Attempts to quantify hand movements of surgeons during arthroscopic surgery faced limited progress beyond motion analysis of hands and/or instruments. Surrogate markers such as procedure time have been used. The dimensionless squared jerk (DSJ) is a measure of deliberate hand movements. This study tests the ability of DSJ to differentiate novice and expert surgeons (construct validity) whilst performing simulated arthroscopic shoulder surgical tasks. Methods. Six residents (novice group) and six consultants (expert group) participated in this study. Participants performed three validated tasks sequentially under the same experimental setup (one performance). Each participant had ten performances assessed. Hand movements were recorded with optical tracking system. The DSJ, time taken, total path length, multiple measures of acceleration, and number of movements were recorded. Results. There were significant differences between novices and experts when assessed using time, number of movements with average and minimal acceleration threshold, and DSJ. No significant differences were observed in maximum acceleration, total path length, and number of movements with 10m/s2 acceleration threshold. Conclusion. DSJ is an objective parameter that can differentiate novice and expert surgeons’ simulated arthroscopic performances. We propose DSJ as an adjunct to more conventional parameters for arthroscopic surgery skills assessment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document