Differences between Tempos of Step Error and Postural Sway in the  Stipulated Tempo Step Test for Children and Their Relationships

Recently, to evaluate dynamic balance ability, a stipulated tempo step test has been developed, and a step error between tempo and contact time of feet has been used as an evaluation variable. The step error, postural sway, and their relationships may differ between the slow tempo (40 bpm) and fast tempo (120 bpm). This study aimed to examine the aforementioned problem with 62 participant children (30 boys and 32 girls). The step error and postural sway variables (X-axis path length, Y-axis path length, total path length, peripheral area, and rectangular area) during stepping while matching both tempos were measured. Means of one minute and three intervals (0–20 sec, 20–40 sec, and 40–60 sec) for each variable were calculated in both tempos. The results of the paired t-test showed that means of all variables were larger in the 40 bpm tempo than in the 120 bpm tempo. In the multiple comparison tests after the results of the two-way repeated measures ANOVA, the means of three intervals in all variables were larger in the 40 bpm tempo than in the 120 bpm tempo; the means of the sway variables, excluding that of the X-axis path length, in the 40 bpm tempo were larger in the 0–20 sec interval than in the 20–40 sec interval or the 40–60 sec interval. Correlations between step errors and those between the step error and sway variables of both tempos were insignificant or under moderation. The correlations between the step error and sway variables in both tempos were insignificant or significant but low, and those among sway variables were high, except between the X- and Y-axis path lengths. The relationship between both axis path lengths differed according to the tempo. In conclusion, in the case of the stipulated tempo step test targeting children, the slow tempo has a greater step error and postural sway than the fast tempo, and the sway in the early step stage is greater in the slow tempo. The relationships between step errors and between the step error and sway variables of both tempos are low; hence, the ability related to the test may differ in both tempos. The relationships among sway variables in both tempos are high, except between the X- and Y-axis path lengths.

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Control of Stance and Developmental Coordination Disorder: The Role of Visual Information

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly ◽

10.1123/apaq.21.1.19 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 19-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Eryk P. Przysucha ◽

M. Jane Taylor

Keyword(s):

Visual Information ◽

Path Length ◽

Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽

Postural Sway ◽

Quiet Standing ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Total Path Length ◽

Eyes Open ◽

Stability Limits ◽

Coordination Disorder

The purpose of this study was to compare the postural sway profiles of 20 boys with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) on two conditions of a quiet standing task: eyes open and eyes closed. Anterior-posterior (AP) sway, medio-lateral sway (LAT), area of sway, total path length, and Romberg’s quotient were analyzed. When visual information was available, there was no difference between groups in LAT sway or path length. However, boys with DCD demonstrated more AP sway (p < .01) and greater area of sway (p < .03), which resulted in pronounced excursions closer to their stability limits. Analysis of Romberg’s quotient indicated that boys with DCD did not over-rely on visual information.

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Comparison of Training between 2 Cycle Ergometers on Dynamic Balance for Middle-Aged Women

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.18.2.316 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 316-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lucinda E. Bouillon ◽

Douglas K. Sklenka ◽

Amy C. Driver

Keyword(s):

Outcome Measures ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Step Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Timed Up And Go ◽

Balance Tests ◽

Cycle Training ◽

Cycle Group

Context:Interval cycle training could positively influence dynamic balance in middle-aged women.Objective:To compare training effects of a strength ergometer and a standard ergometer on 3 dynamic balance tests.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Seventeen women were randomly assigned to standard (n = 10) or strength cycle ergometry (n = 7). A control group consisted of 7 women.Intervention:Ergometry interval training (3 sessions/wk for 4 wk).Main Outcome Measures:Three balance tests—the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), timed up-and-go (TUG), and four-square step test (FSST)—were performed at pretraining and 4 wk posttraining.Results:Four SEBT directions improved and faster scores for FSST and TUG tests for the standard-cycle group were found, whereas the strength-cycle group only improved their TUG scores. No changes posttraining for the control group.Conclusions:Stationary cycle training should be included in the dynamic balance-rehabilitation protocol for middle-aged women.

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PENGARUH MUSIK DENGAN TEMPO CEPAT & LAMBAT TERHADAP ATENSI MAHASISWA

MANASA ◽

10.25170/manasa.v8i2.1957 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 52-61

Author(s):

Christ Billy Aryanto ◽

Rhesa Megananda

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Cognitive Process ◽

Pop Music ◽

Subject Design ◽

Starting Point ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fast Tempo ◽

Contrast Analysis ◽

Slow Tempo ◽

And Control

This study aims to investigate the effect of listening to music with fast and slow tempo onundergraduate student’s attention. Music is used to accompany students in carrying out activitiesin daily life. The results of previous studies have shown that music can be a distraction when theywere doing their work, but other studies have shown that music has no effect on attention. Attentionis the first stage in the cognitive process, which is the starting point for a person’s cognitiveproesses to finally create a memory. In this study, an experiment with within-subject design wascarried out by listening to music with a different tempo when doing an attention test. Fourteenundergraduate students aged 21-23 years were involved in this study by completing 3 forms ofConcentration Grid Test in 3 different conditions, namely while listening to instrumental popmusic with fast tempo, slow tempo, and in a silence. The results of repeated measures ANOVAshowed that there was an effect of tempo on students’ attention with F(2.26) = 6.84, p<0.05. Theresults of the contrast analysis showed that participants who listened to instrumental pop musicwith a slow tempo had a significantly higher score that fast tempo (t = 3.433, p<0.01) and control(t = 2.908, p<0.01), but fast tempo instrumental pop music has no significant difference withcontrol (t = 0.525, p = 0.604). Thus, slow tempo music can increase the attention, but instrumentalpop music with fast tempo does not distract the students.

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Validity and Application of a Portable Force Platform in Assessment of Dynamic Balance Ability

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1038479/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jinpeng Lin ◽

Fang Wang ◽

Yaqi Zhao ◽

Junjie Li ◽

Jixin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postural Sway ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Force Platform ◽

Balance Assessment ◽

Visual Evaluation ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Balance Task ◽

Balance Ability

Abstract Background: Dynamic balance assessment, which requires a specialized device, is crucial in clinic to evaluate postural control comprehensively. The Nintendo Wii Balance Board (WBB), a portable force platform may be a suitable alternative to the expensive “gold standard”- the laboratory-grade force platform (FP). However, its validity in assessment of dynamic balance is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the validity of the WBB in dynamic balance assessment.Methods: We performed three static and dynamic balance tests, including open eyes single-leg stand, close eyes single-leg stand and Limitation of Stability, on the WBB for 34 healthy participants. Trajectories of center of pressure (COP) were recorded synchronously and used to compute seven characteristics. To quantify the consistency of the two devices, we used intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as well as visual evaluation of Bland–Altman plots.Results: The data showed a high consistency between the two devices (ICC = 0.92-0.98) under static and dynamic balance assessments, and the visual evaluation result from Bland–Altman plot was acceptable between device agreement. Moreover, in the dynamic balance task (Limitation of Stability test), the typical ranges of COP-based postural sway distances for healthy adults in medial-lateral and anterior-posterior measured by the WBB were 27.17 ± 3.88 cm and 21.13 ± 2.33 cm, respectively, indicating the validity of the WBB in assessing COP under both static or dynamic balance tasks. Conclusion: With the advantages of portability and low-cost, the valid WBB can facilitate the popularization of quantitative balance evaluation to basic hospitals. Our results provide valuable reference for clinical evaluation of balance ability.

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Statistics of severe tornadoes and severe tornado outbreaks

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-12-8459-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (18) ◽

pp. 8459-8473 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

B. D. Malamud ◽

D. L. Turcotte

Keyword(s):

Path Length ◽

Severe Weather ◽

Linear Scaling ◽

Total Path Length ◽

Changing Trends ◽

The Usa ◽

Length Data ◽

Trends Over Time ◽

Path Lengths ◽

Tornado Outbreaks

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Statistics of severe tornadoes and severe tornado outbreaks

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-12-6957-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 6957-6988 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B. D. Malamud ◽

D. L. Turcotte

Keyword(s):

Power Law ◽

Path Length ◽

Inverse Power ◽

Total Path Length ◽

Inverse Power Law ◽

Time Period ◽

The Usa ◽

Path Lengths ◽

Tornado Outbreaks ◽

Daily Total

Abstract. The standard measures of the intensity of a tornado in the USA and many other countries are the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita scales. These scales are based on the damage that a tornado causes. Another measure of the strength of a tornado is its path length of touchdown, L. In this study we consider 4061 severe tornadoes (defined as L≥10 km) in the continental USA for the time period 1981–2010 (USA Storm Prediction Center Severe Weather Database). We find for individual severe tornadoes: (i) The noncumulative frequency-length statistics of severe tornado touchdown path lengths, 20 < L < 200 km, is well approximated by an inverse power-law relationship with exponent near 3. (ii) There is a strong linear scaling between the number of severe tornadoes in a year and their total path lengths in that year. We then take the total path length of severe tornadoes in a day, LD, as a measure of the strength of a 24-hour USA tornado outbreak. We find that: (i) On average, the number of days per year with at least one continental USA severe tornado (path length L≥10 km) has increased 16% in the 30-year period 1981–2010. (ii) The daily numbers of severe tornadoes in a USA outbreak have a strong power-law relationship (exponent 0.87) on their daily total path lengths, LD, over the range 20 < LD < 1000 km dy−1. (iii) The noncumulative frequency-length statistics of tornado outbreaks, 10 < LD < 1000 km dy−1, is well approximated by an inverse power-law relationship with exponent near 1.7. We believe that our robust scaling results provide evidence that touchdown path lengths can be used as quantitative measures of the systematic properties of severe tornadoes and severe tornado outbreaks.

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Static Foot Posture and Mobility Associated With Postural Sway in Elderly Women Using a Three-dimensional Foot Scanner

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/14-021 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 105 (5) ◽

pp. 412-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mahshid Saghazadeh ◽

Kenji Tsunoda ◽

Yuki Soma ◽

Tomohiro Okura

Keyword(s):

Path Length ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Postural Sway ◽

Community Sample ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Total Path Length ◽

Foot Posture ◽

Foot Mobility

Background Maintaining balance is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by a range of sensorimotor factors. Foot posture and mobility may also influence balance and postural sway. Recently, three-dimensional foot scanners have been used to assess foot posture. This tool allows many individuals to be scanned quickly and easily and helps eliminate patients' radiation exposure. The objective of this study was to determine whether static foot posture and mobility are independently associated with postural sway in a large community sample of older women using objective measures of balance status and the recently launched technology of three-dimensional foot scanning. Methods This cross-sectional study included 140 community-dwelling elderly women (mean ± SD age, 73.9 ± 5.1 years) recruited in Kasama City, Japan. The postural sway variables were total path length and area and were measured by force plate. We measured static foot posture, sitting and standing navicular height, and mobility using a three-dimensional foot scanner. Foot mobility was determined as the amount of vertical navicular excursion between the positions of the subtalar joint, from neutral in sitting position to relaxed bilateral standing. Results After adjusting for potential cofounders, analysis of covariance revealed that sitting navicular height was associated with total path length (P = .038) and area (P = .031). Foot mobility was associated with total path length (P = .018). Conclusions These findings suggest that sitting navicular height and foot mobility are associated with postural sway in elderly women and might be an important factor in defining balance control in older adults.

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An almost sure result for path lengths in binary search trees

Advances in Applied Probability ◽

10.1017/s0001867800012295 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 35 (02) ◽

pp. 363-376

Author(s):

F. M. Dekking ◽

L. E. Meester

Keyword(s):

Path Length ◽

Random Variable ◽

Random Permutation ◽

Search Tree ◽

Binary Search ◽

Binary Search Tree ◽

Binary Search Trees ◽

Search Trees ◽

Total Path Length ◽

Path Lengths

This paper studies path lengths in random binary search trees under the random permutation model. It is known that the total path length, when properly normalized, converges almost surely to a nondegenerate random variableZ. The limit distribution is commonly referred to as the ‘quicksort distribution’. For the class 𝒜mof finite binary trees with at mostmnodes we partition the external nodes of the binary search tree according to the largest tree that each external node belongs to. Thus, the external path length is divided into parts, each part associated with a tree in 𝒜m. We show that the vector of these path lengths, after normalization, converges almost surely to a constant vector timesZ.

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Positive Long-Term Effects of Pilates Exercise on the Age-Related Decline in Balance and Strength in Older, Community-Dwelling Men and Women

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.2013-0006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 342-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Marie-Louise Bird ◽

James Fell

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Fall Risk ◽

Postural Sway ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Age Related ◽

Fall Risk Factors ◽

And Function

This study investigated the effect of Pilates exercise on physical fall risk factors 12 months after an initial 5-week Pilates intervention. The authors hypothesized that ongoing Pilates participation would have a positive effect on physical fall risk factors in those who continued with Pilates exercise compared with those who ceased. Thirty older ambulatory adults (M = 69 years, SD = 7) participated in Pilates classes for 5 weeks with testing preintevention (Time 1 [T1]) and postintervention (Time 2 [T2]) and 12 months later (Time 3 [T3]). Balance and leg strength were compared using a 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Postural sway, dynamic balance, and function improvements evident after the initial Pilates training (T1–T2) were maintained at T3 (p < .01). Significant differences existed at T3 for dynamic balance and strength between participants who continued performing Pilates (n = 14) and those who had ceased. Balance improvements after a short Pilates intervention were maintained 1 year later in all participants, with increased benefits from ongoing participation.

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Measuring User Experience With Postural Sway and Performance in a Head-Mounted Display

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1541931213601999 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 2062-2066 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amelia Kinsella ◽

Sarah Beadle ◽

Michael Wilson ◽

L. James Smart ◽

Eric Muth

Keyword(s):

Task Performance ◽

User Experience ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Path Length ◽

Postural Sway ◽

Object Location ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Elliptical Area ◽

And Performance

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in performance and postural sway among individuals performing a task when using and not using a head-mounted display (HMD). Twenty participants completed a repeated measures study in which they performed a simple object location targeting task while using and not using an HMD. Accuracy, time-to-hit, and postural sway were measured. Significant differences in accuracy and time-to-hit were found, indicating participants’ task performance was worse while using the HMD. Significant differences in magnitude of postural sway were found in elliptical area and path length, showing more sway when using the HMD than when not using it. These methods can be used to objectively measure user differences in response to wearing and using an HMD that can result in negative effects for users.

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