scholarly journals Sex determination of human remains from peptides in tooth enamel

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (52) ◽  
pp. 13649-13654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Andre Stewart ◽  
Raquel Fernanda Gerlach ◽  
Rebecca L. Gowland ◽  
Kurt J. Gron ◽  
Janet Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Os Coxae ◽  
First Time

The assignment of biological sex to archaeological human skeletons is a fundamental requirement for the reconstruction of the human past. It is conventionally and routinely performed on adults using metric analysis and morphological traits arising from postpubertal sexual dimorphism. A maximum accuracy of ∼95% is possible if both the cranium and os coxae are present and intact, but this is seldom achievable for all skeletons. Furthermore, for infants and juveniles, there are no reliable morphological methods for sex determination without resorting to DNA analysis, which requires good DNA survival and is time-consuming. Consequently, sex determination of juvenile remains is rarely undertaken, and a dependable and expedient method that can correctly assign biological sex to human remains of any age is highly desirable. Here we present a method for sex determination of human remains by means of a minimally destructive surface acid etching of tooth enamel and subsequent identification of sex chromosome-linked isoforms of amelogenin, an enamel-forming protein, by nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Tooth enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body and survives burial exceptionally well, even when the rest of the skeleton or DNA in the organic fraction has decayed. Our method can reliably determine the biological sex of humans of any age using a body tissue that is difficult to cross-contaminate and is most likely to survive. The application of this method will make sex determination of adults and, for the first time, juveniles a reliable and routine activity in future bioarcheological and medico-legal science contexts.

scholarly journals New Contribution to the Knowledge on the Chromosome Numbers of Turkish Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Yavuz Koçak ◽  
Elmas Yağmur
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chromosome Count ◽  
Chromosomal Number ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Karyological Data ◽  
First Time

Information on the karyotypes of Turkish species of Cerambycidae is scanty. Our study contributes to the knowledge of the karyological data (chromosomal number and mechanism of sex determination) of five Turkish longicorn beetles; karyotypes of four taxa, one endemic, are described for the first time and for the remaining one, Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783), the previously published chromosome count is confirmed. The chromosome number of Purpuricenus desfontainii inhumeralis Pic, 1891 and Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783) (Cerambycinae, Trachyderini) was found to be 2n = 28 (13 + Xyp); Clytus rhamni Germar, 1817 and Plagionotus floralis (Pallas, 1773) (Cerambycinae, Clytini) 2n = 20 (9 + Xyp); and the endemic Dorcadion triste phrygicum Peks, 1993 (Lamiinae, Dorcadionini) 2n = 24 (11 + Xyp). In view of the paucity of data available until now, our study is important for both to improve the poor karyological knowledge of Turkish Cerambycidae and to provide an incentive for other researchers.

scholarly journals Sex Determination of the Japanese Serow (Capricornis crispus) by Fecal DNA Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi NISHIMURA ◽  
Kiyoshi YAMAUCHI ◽  
Yasushi SAITOH ◽  
Yoshitaka DEGUCHI ◽  
Toshiki AOI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Fecal Dna ◽  
Japanese Serow

scholarly journals Gender Disparities in Bladder Cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingsheng Zhang ◽  
Dan Theodorescu ◽  
Xue Li
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Gonad Differentiation ◽  
Develop Bladder Cancer

Biological sex is an independent risk factor of cancer. Men are three to five times more likely than women to develop bladder cancer even when known risk factors are taken into consideration. Development of sex in mammals is often viewed as a two-step process. The first step is sex determination, of which the XX and XY sex chromosome complements trigger gonad differentiation to form the ovary and testis, respectively. After that, sex hormones secreted by gonads initiate sexually dimorphic differentiation of nongonadal tissues. However, this model has been challenged by recent findings revealing an independent contribution of sex chromosomes to sexual dimorphism. In this chapter, we discuss how the sex chromosomes and sex hormones together cause gender disparities in bladder cancer. We propose a concept of epigenetic sex – epigenetic differences between males and females – and suggest that the sex epigenome is a previously unknown biasing factor contributing to gender disparities in bladder cancer.

scholarly journals A New and Improved Automated Technology for Early Sex Determination of Ginkgo biloba

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 300-307
Author(s):  
Vincent Echenard ◽  
François Lefort ◽  
Gautier Calmin ◽  
Robert Perroulaz ◽  
Lassaad Belhahri
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Decamer Primer ◽  
Automated Technology ◽  
Sexual Cross ◽  
Male Specific

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique with male associated decamer primer S1478 was used to amplify DNA from 72 leaf samples collected from Ginkgo biloba trees with known sexual determinism in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland. This marker was found to be male-specific and was lacking in all female plants. Automated random polymorphic DNA analysis (ARPA), a new automated technology developed in the frame of this work, proved highly effective in distinguishing males and females with 100% efficiency and successful in male and female discrimination from a collection of young seedlings derived from a sexual cross. Our findings provide unambiguous evidence that ARPA combined with the male-associated decamer primer S1478 could be considered an efficient, rapid, and easy method to make an early sex determination in the dioecious tree Ginkgo biloba.

Molecular genetic sex determination of Medieval human remains from North Russia: Comparison with archaeological and anthropological criteria

1998 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.V. Ovchinnikov ◽  
O.I. Ovtchinnikova ◽  
E.B. Druzina ◽  
A.P. Buzhilova ◽  
N.A. Makarov
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Human Remains

A cytogenetic analysis of the Simulium ochraceum species complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Central America

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirohisa Hirai ◽  
William S. Procunier ◽  
J. Onofre Ochoa ◽  
K. Uemoto
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Sex Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Dispersal Capability ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
Primary Vector ◽  
First Time

A cytobiotaxonomic study of the medically important insect vector Simulium ochraceum s.l. revealed two sibling species and one cytotype from various endemic and nonendemic zones of human onchocerciasis in Guatemala and Mexico. Polytene chromosome maps and idiograms as well as notes on the biology of the three taxa designated S. ochraceum A, S. ochraceum B, and S. ochraceum C within the subgenus Psilopelmia are presented. All three taxa exhibit distinct sex chromosomes and taxon-specific suites of autosomal inversion polymorphisms. Simulium ochraceum C differs from both S. ochraceum A and S. ochraceum B by five interspecific inversions designated IIS-7,8 and IIIL-12, 13 + 14, 15. The three taxa exhibit niche and biting preferences, with S. ochraceum A being highly anthropophilic. Analysis of autosomal inversion polymorphism profiles indicates S. ochraceum A has long-range dispersal capability. Our results are consistent with the general findings that in the Simuliidae, sibling speciation may be suspected wherever a morphospecies occupies different niches in a stream continuum. We find for the first time an apparent partitioning of taxa by altitude. Simulium ochraceum A may be a primary vector of human onchocerciasis in Guatemala, as its vertical distribution is coincident with that of the highest areas of nodule prevalence in the human population. A genotypic component of variation in vectorial capacity of S. ochraceum A populations seems to occur, since the Y4 chromosome and its X chromosome counterpart are associated with hyperendemic areas of human onchocerciasis. Our observation that a supernumerary band, 37B1Hb, is associated with sex determination in two of the taxa may be of significance for the elucidation of the molecular basis of sex determination and possible resolution of issues pertinent to the general model of sympatric speciation in the Simuliidae.Key words: Simulium ochraceum complex, cytobiotaxonomy, vector biology, sex chromosome evolution, human onchocerciasis.

scholarly journals Morphological Characterisation And Molecular Sex Determination Of Human Remains From The 15th–17th Centuries In Latvia

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Ščėsnaitė-Jerdiakova ◽  
Liāna Pliss ◽  
Guntis Gerhards ◽  
Elīna Pētersone Gordina ◽  
Agnija Gustiņa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Human Skeletal Remains ◽  
Full Agreement ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Molecular Sex Determination

Abstract Sex determination is one of the most important and initial steps in human profile identification from archaeological material. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the application of molecular approaches alongside morphological methods for sex determination in archaeological human skeletal remains. Human skeletal remains were excavated from three cemeteries: St Gertrude Old Church, Dom Square and St Peter’s Church, of 15th–17th century burials in Rīga, Latvia. Morphological and molecular genetic methods, including amplification of genes AMELX/Y and SRY were used to analyse seven skeletal remains. The conducted analyses of morphological features identified sex in all seven cases (two females and five males). By molecular analyses of mediaeval DNA it was possible to determine sex in five of seven (71%) samples. In all positive cases full agreement between morphological estimation and molecular genetic methods was observed. To conclude, DNA analysis can be considered for sex identification in cases with no signs of sexual dimorphism (juvenile skeletons) or partially preserved skeletons.

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