Olive Mill Wastewater Inhibits Growth and Proliferation of Cisplatin- and Gemcitabine-Resistant Bladder Cancer Cells In Vitro by Down-Regulating the Akt/mTOR-Signaling Pathway

Bladder cancer patients whose tumors develop resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy often turn to natural, plant-derived products. Beneficial effects have been particularly ascribed to polyphenols, although their therapeutic relevance when resistance has developed is not clear. The present study evaluated the anti-tumor potential of polyphenol-rich olive mill wastewater (OMWW) on chemo-sensitive and cisplatin- and gemcitabine-resistant T24, RT112, and TCCSUP bladder cancer cells in vitro. The cells were treated with different dilutions of OMWW, and tumor growth and clone formation were evaluated. Possible mechanisms of action were investigated by evaluating cell cycle phases and cell cycle-regulating proteins. OMWW profoundly inhibited the growth and proliferation of chemo-sensitive as well as gemcitabine- and cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells. Depending on the cell line and on gemcitabine- or cisplatin-resistance, OMWW induced cell cycle arrest at different phases. These differing phase arrests were accompanied by differing alterations in the CDK-cyclin axis. Considerable suppression of the Akt-mTOR pathway by OMWW was observed in all three cell lines. Since OMWW blocks the cell cycle through the manipulation of the cyclin-CDK axis and the deactivation of Akt-mTOR signaling, OMWW could become relevant in supporting bladder cancer therapy.

The Application Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nursing on General Anesthesia Combined with Epidural Anesthesia and Electric Resection for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer and Its Influence on Tumor Markers

Objective. To explore the effects of traditional Chinese medicine nursing on general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia and electric resection to treat bladder cancer and its influence on tumor markers. Methods. A total of 160 patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer who underwent general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia and resection were included in this study. The patients were divided into control group (n = 80) and study group (n = 80) according to the random number table method. The control group received hydroxycamptothecin bladder perfusion therapy, and the study group received traditional Chinese medicine nursing combined with hydroxycamptothecin bladder perfusion therapy. The clinical efficacy, three-year cumulative survival rate, and postoperative recurrence rate of the two groups of patients were detected. The levels of tumor markers including vascular endothelial growth factor (VECF) and bladder tumor antigen (BTA) before and after treatment were also tested. The immune function, inflammatory factor levels, and quality of life of the two groups before and after treatment were evaluated. Results. The total effective rate of the study group (83.75%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (58.75%). After treatment, the serum VEGF and BTA levels, inflammatory factors interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels of the two groups of patients decreased, and the decrease in the study group was more significant than that in the control group P < 0.05 . After treatment, the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the two groups increased P < 0.05 , and the increase in the study group was more significant than that in the control group P < 0.05 . After treatment, the CD8+ levels of the two groups of patients decreased P < 0.05 , and the decrease in the study group was more significant than that in the control group P < 0.05 . After treatment, the quality-of-life scores in both groups increased P < 0.05 , and the increase in the study group was even more significant P < 0.05 . Conclusion. Traditional Chinese medicine nursing has significant clinical effects on the treatment of bladder cancer with general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia and electric resection. It can more effectively prevent the risk of recurrence of bladder cancer after surgery, significantly improve the quality of life, improve immune system function, regulate the levels of VECF and BTA, effectively reduce the level of serum inflammatory factors, inhibit tumor progression, and reduce tumor viability.

Core promoter mutation contributes to abnormal gene expression in bladder cancer

Background Bladder cancer is one of the most mortal cancers. Bladder cancer has distinct gene expression signature, highlighting altered gene expression plays important roles in bladder cancer etiology. However, the mechanism for how the regulatory disorder causes the altered expression in bladder cancer remains elusive. Core promoter controls transcriptional initiation. We hypothesized that mutation in core promoter abnormality could cause abnormal transcriptional initiation thereby the altered gene expression in bladder cancer. Methods In this study, we performed a genome-wide characterization of core promoter mutation in 77 Spanish bladder cancer cases. Results We identified 69 recurrent somatic mutations in 61 core promoters of 62 genes and 28 recurrent germline mutations in 20 core promoters of 21 genes, including TERT, the only gene known with core promoter mutation in bladder cancer, and many oncogenes and tumor suppressors. From the RNA-seq data from bladder cancer, we observed altered expression of the core promoter-mutated genes. We further validated the effects of core promoter mutation on gene expression by using luciferase reporter gene assay. We also identified potential drugs targeting the core promoter-mutated genes. Conclusions Data from our study highlights that core promoter mutation contributes to bladder cancer development through altering gene expression.

BLADDER CANCER: DIFFERENTIATION OF TYPES, AGE, SEX DISTRIBUTION AND ASSOCIATED VARIANTS WITH GRADATION

Background: Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is the ninth most common cancer in the world, and the third most common cancer among men in West Asian countries, including Arab countries. Despite the increasing prevalence of UBC in developing countries, many places, including Yemen, do not have representative studies showing the true impact of these tumors on the population. Aims: To describe the different types of bladder cancers, and their distributions with age, and sex and to correlated different types with gradation, invasion muscles; and schistosomiasis in the last ten years in a single Yemini institute. Materials and methods: An observational descriptive study was performed on UBC patients who were subsequently diagnosed selectively by histopathological study in the Department of Pathology at the National Center for Public Health Laboratories (NCPHL) Sana'a, Yemen, over a period of about 10 years from January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2021. The study variables were cancer histological type, sex, grades and age. Types, grading and histological diagnoses were formed in line with the World Health Organization classification of bladder cancer. Results: Most of the cases were in the age group 60-69 years (32%), followed by 70 years (22.3%), and 50-59 years (20%). The most common UBCs were urothelial neoplasms (UNs) (71.5%), followed by squamous neoplasms (SNs) (24.4%) while other types were less frequent. There was a cytologically high grade with a significance rate (64.2%) with UNs. There was a significance rate of: schistosomiasis (43.8%) with SNs as OR=19.5 (p < 0.001), and invasion of muscle fibers (66.4%) with SNs as OR=3.3, UNs (37.1%) as OR=11.2 (p < 0.001). Also there was a significance rate of GII grade (46.1%) with SNs as OR=64.1 (p<0.001) and GNs (33.3%) as OR=3.8 (p =0.02). Conclusion: The present study verification data congruence with those in the international literature and reports of neighboring countries, with some minor differences. This study documents a high incidence of urothelial neoplasms, with a male predominance and a peak incidence in the sixth decade of life. Imminent studies are needed to identify risk factors that increase cystitis in more detail and to study genetic susceptibility to inflammation and inflammatory markers before cancer is diagnosed. Peer Review History: Received: 1 November 2021; Revised: 17 December; Accepted: 31 December, Available online: 15 January 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected] Dr. Eyassu Mathewos, School of public health, college of health sciences and medicine, Wolaita Soddo university- P.O. Box 158, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia. Md. Monirul Islam, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [email protected] Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected] Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF CURRENT SCENARIO OF CANCER DISEASE AT CHATTAGRAM IN BANGLADESH ACCESS TO MEDICINES STRATEGIES OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAMME IN CAMEROON