scholarly journals Sources of evidence and openness in field-intensive research on violent conflict

Author(s):  
Anastasia Shesterinina
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-308
Author(s):  
James A. Francis

The Defense of Holy Images by John of Damascus stands as the archetypal exposition of the Christian theology of images. Written at the outbreak of the Iconoclastic Controversy, it has been mostly valued for its theological content and given scholarly short shrift as a narrowly focused polemic. The work is more than that. It presents a complex and profound explication of the nature of images and the phenomenon of representation, and is an important part of the “history of looking”in western culture. A long chain of visual conceptions connects classical Greek and Roman writers, such as Homer and Quintilian, to John: the living image, the interrelation of word and image, and image and memory, themes elaborated particularly in the Second Sophistic period of the early Common Era. For John to deploy this heritage so skillfully to the thorny problem of the place of images in Christianity, at the outbreak of a violent conflict that lasted a further 100 years after his writing, manifests an intellect and creativity that has not been sufficiently appreciated. The Defense of Holy Images, understood in this context, is another innovative synthesis of Christianity and classical culture produced by late antique Christian writers.


2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 124-128
Author(s):  
Claudio Defila

Although the year 2008 in Switzerland belongs to the ten to twelve warmest years since the beginning of measurements, the effects on the development of the vegetation were not very striking. An extreme excess of heat was never registered except in the winter months and in May. The mild winter simply had an effect on the flowering of the hazel, occurring early to very early. Besides this, most of the phenological spring phases were observed at the normal point of time. However, at some observation stations, a small number of phenological phases showed a completely unusual date of occurrence. These were observed very late or even extremely late (new records). Because of the fact that this phenomenon was not only observed at one single phenological phase, showing no spatial pattern and no height dependence, no explanation was found for this extraordinary behavior of these plants. This clearly reflects, despite intensive research on phenology during the last years, that many natural processes are until now not or not yet understood by man. According to the changing weather, the development of the vegetation showed neither a consistent nor an outstanding pattern in the summer. However, the early leaf-fall of the beech was quite striking, caused by the cold snap at the beginning of October. The year 2008 can be considered as a normal phenological year, except the early flowering of the hazel, the inexplicable records (late observations) and the early leaf-fall of the beech.


Author(s):  
Edward Newman ◽  
Eamon Aloyo

Progress in conflict prevention depends upon a better understanding of the underlying circumstances that give rise to violent conflict and mass atrocities, and of the warning signs that a crisis is imminent. While a substantial amount of empirical research on the driving forces of conflict exists, its policy implications must be exploited more effectively, so that the enabling conditions for violence can be addressed before it occurs. Violence prevention involves a range of social, economic, and political factors; the chapter highlights challenges—many of them international—relating to deprivation, inequality, governance, and environmental management. Prevention also requires overcoming a number of acute political obstacles embedded within the values and institutions of global governance. The chapter concludes with a range of proposals for structural conflict prevention and crisis response, as well as the prevention of mass atrocities.


Author(s):  
Richard W. Miller

This chapter argues for greater reluctance to launch humanitarian military interventions, without appealing to any inherent value in sovereignty or autonomous political community. Instead, it appeals to the likely consequences of such intervention—both within the target country and for international relations. Miller considers four types of candidate for intervention: stable tyrannies, unstable tyrannies, popular secessions, and ongoing large-scale killing and displacement. Only in the last of these should we be disposed to support intervention according to Miller, since the likely consequences that plague the other three types are here less challenging. Stable tyrannies are usually maintained because the regime has engineered a wide base of support among elites. External overthrow thus risks unleashing violent conflict between divided groups. In unstable tyrannies internally-driven regime change is preferable. Finally, in popular secession external intervention can stoke Great Power worries about spheres of influence and inspire military build-up.


2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (12) ◽  
pp. 538-538
Author(s):  
Bradley A Thayer
Keyword(s):  

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-560
Author(s):  
Kasper Hoffmann ◽  
Koen Vlassenroot ◽  
Tatiana Carayannis ◽  
Godefroid Muzalia
Keyword(s):  

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