This chapter explores urology, starting with the symptoms and signs. Symptoms in urology include pain, haematuria, urinary incontinence, male sexual dysfunction, haemotospermia, and lower urinary tract symptoms. Lower urinary tract symptoms refer to a group of symptoms that typically affect the ageing male. It is often caused by bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) related to prostatic enlargement and includes symptoms related to both voiding and storage. The chapter then looks at the investigations of urinary tract disease, detailing laboratory investigations, radiology investigations, and endoscopy. It deals with urinary tract stones; obstruction of the ureter; benign prostatic hyperplasia; stricture of the urethra; scrotal swellings; disorders of the foreskin; common conditions of the penis; and erectile dysfunction. The chapter also considers adenocarcinoma of the kidney; transitional cell tumours; adenocarcinoma of the prostate; carcinoma of the penis; testicular tumours; haematuria; acute urinary retention (AUR); and acute testicular pain.
