In most two-dimensional simple turbulent flows, the location of zero shear usually coincides with that of vanishing mean velocity gradient. However, such is not the case for plane turbulent wall jets. This could be due to the fact that the driving potential is the jet exit momentum, which gives rise to an outer region that resembles a free jet and an inner layer that is similar to a boundary layer. The interaction of a free-jet like flow with a boundary-layer type flow distinguishes the plane wall jet from other simple flows. Consequently, in the past, two-equation turbulence models are seldom able to predict the jet spread correctly. The present study investigates the appropriateness of two-equation modeling; particularly the importance of near-wall modeling and the validity of the equilibrium turbulence assumption. An improved near-wall model and three others are analyzed and their predictions are compared with recent measurements of plane wall jets. The jet spread is calculated correctly by the improved model, which is able to replicate the mixing behavior between the outer jet-like and inner wall layer and is asymptotically consistent. Good agreement with other measured quantities is also obtained. However, other near-wall models tested are also capable of reproducing the Reynolds-number effects of plane wall jets, but their predictions of the jet spread are incorrect.
Scour due to turbulent wall jets downstream of low-/high-head hydraulic structures
