This project concerns the application of haptic feedback to a virtual reality laparoscopic surgery simulator. It investigates the hardware required to display haptic forces, and the software required to generate realistic and stable haptic properties. A number of surgery-based studies are undertaken using the developed haptic device. The human sense of touch, or haptic sensory system, is investigated in the context of laparoscopic surgery, where the long laparoscopic instruments reduce haptic sensation. Nonetheless, the sense of touch plays a vital role in navigation, palpation, cutting, tissue manipulation, and pathology detection in surgery. The overall haptic effect has been decomposed into a finite number of haptic attributes. The haptic attributes of mass, friction, stiction, elasticity, and viscosity are individually modeled, validated, and applied to virtual anatomical objects in visual simulations. There are times in surgery when the view from the camera cannot be depended upon. When visual feedback is impeded, haptic feedback must be relied upon more by the surgeon. A realistic simulator should include some sort of visual impedance. Results from a simple tissue holding task suggested the inclusion of haptic feedback in a simulator aids the user when visual feedback is impeded.
Reinforced Laryngeal Mask in Pediatric Laparoscopic Surgery
