Must Clinics Replace 2D by 3D Environments for an Efficient Training of Laparoscopic Novices? A Critical Analysis of the Learning Curve for Basic Skills

Background and AimsPublished studies repeatedly demonstrate an advantage of three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopic surgery over two-dimensional (2D) systems but with quite heterogeneous results. This raises the question whether clinics must replace 2D technologies to ensure effective training of future surgeons.MethodsWe recruited 45 students with no experience in laparoscopic surgery and comparable characteristics in terms of vision and frequency of video game usage. The students were randomly allocated to 3D (n = 23) or 2D (n = 22) groups and performed 10 runs of a laparoscopic “peg transfer” task in the Luebeck Toolbox. A repeated-measures ANOVA for operation times and a generalized linear mixed model for error rates were calculated. The main effects of laparoscopic condition and run, as well as the interaction term between the two, were examined.ResultsNo statistically significant differences in operation times and error rates were observed between 2D and 3D groups (p = 0.10 and p = 0.72, respectively). The learning curve showed a significant reduction in operation time and error rates (both p's < 0.001). No significant interactions between group and run were detected (operation time: p = 0.342, error rates: p = 0.83). With respect to both endpoints studied, the learning curves reached their plateau at the 7th run.ConclusionThe result of our study with laparoscopic novices revealed no significant difference between 2D and 3D technology with respect to performance time and the error rate in a simple standardized test. In the future, surgeons may thus still be trained in both techniques.

TO EVALUATE EFFICACY OF LAPAROSCOPIC TRANSPERITONEAL PYELOLITHOTOMY FOR MANAGEMENT OF RENAL PELVIC STONES IN TERM OF BLOOD LOSS

Background: To evaluate efficacy of laparoscopic transperitoneal pyelolithotomy for management of renal pelvic stones in term of blood loss Methods: This study has been conducted in the Department of General surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla on selected patients of Renal pelvis stones admitted in institution Results: Mean blood loss in successful laparoscopic surgery was 58.33 ml and in lap converted to open was 200 ml. Conclusion: Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy is a feasible and safe operation for patients with renal stones in centers with adequate experience in laparoscopy and well trained surgeons. It is found to be safe, effective and efficient with proper patient selection and adherence to standard laparoscopic surgical principles. Keywords: Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Pyelolithotomy, Pelvic stone, Blood loss

Comparison of Short-Term Results of Laparoscopy and Open Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: A Single-Center Experience

Objective: Although laparoscopic colon cancer surgeries have increased in recent years, their oncological competence is questioned. In our study, we aimed to evaluate oncological competence by comparing laparoscopic and open surgery. Material and Methods: The study was planned retrospectively. A total of 94 patients were included in the study, 42 of whom underwent laparoscopy, and 52 patients underwent open surgery. Both groups were compared in terms of demographic characteristics, staging, number of benign/malignant lymph nodes, histological findings and complications. Result: The final pathology report of all patients was adenocarcinoma. The median number of dissected lymph nodes was 20.9 in the open group (8-34) and 19.46 in the laparoscopy group (7-31) (p=0.639). The median number of dissected malignant lymph nodes was 1 (0-13) in the open surgery group and 3.1 (0-8) in the laparoscopy group (p=0.216). The laparoscopy group exhibited a longer operation time (281.2±54.2 and 221.0±51.5 min, respectively; P=0.036) than the open surgery group, but a shorter intensive care unit(ICU) discharge, quicker initiation oral feeding, and shorter length of hospital stay (4.0±0.9 vs. 5.7±2.0 days, respectively; P<0.001). Discussion: Laparoscopic surgery elicits many benefits such as less wound infection, lower requirement for blood transfusion, shorter hospitalization, quicker initiation of oral feeding and mobilization. Our study has shown that laparoscopic surgery provides quite adequate lymph node dissection when compared with oncological surgery, which is viewed with suspicion in the light of these benefits of laparoscopy.

Comparative Effectiveness of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Program Combined With Single-Incision Laparoscopic Surgery in Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis

BackgroundRecently, enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has been widely used in the perioperative management of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of ERAS combined with single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) in CRC surgery.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of patients with CRC who underwent surgery between April 2018 and April 2020 in Ruijin Hospital(North), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. The patients were divided into three groups: group A (n=138), patients who underwent traditional multiport laparoscopic colectomy with conventional perioperative management; group B (n=63), patients who underwent SILS; and group C (n=51), patients who underwent SILS with ERAS.ResultsOverall, 252 participants were included in the retrospective study. The median operation time (min) in group B and group C was shorter than that in group A (group A 134.0 ± 42.5; group B 117 ± 38.9; group C 111.7 ± 35.4, p=0.004). The estimated surgical blood loss (ml) was lower in groups B and C than in group A (group A 165.1 ± 142.2; group B 122.0 ± 79.4; group C 105.2 ± 55.8, p=0.011). The length of surgical incision (cm) was shorter in groups B and C than in group A (group A 7.34 ± 1.05; group B 5.60 ± 0.80; group C 5.28 ± 0.52, p&lt;0.001). The time before first flatus (hours) in group C was shorter than in groups A and B (group A 61.85 ± 21.14; group B 58.30 ± 20.08; group C 42.06 ± 23.72; p&lt;0.001). The days prior to the administration of free oral fluids in group C was shorter than in groups A and B (group A 4.79 ± 1.28; group B 4.67 ± 1.11; group C 2.62 ± 0.64; p&lt;0.001). The days of prior solid diet was less in group C than in groups A and B (group A 7.22 ± 3.87; group B 7.08 ± 3.18; group C 5.75 ± 1.70; p=0.027). The postoperative length of stay (LOS) was less in group C compared with that in groups A and B (group A 9.46 ± 4.84 days; group B 9.52 ± 7.45 days; group C 7.20 ± 2.37 days; p=0.023). The visual analog scale (VAS) scores on day 0, 1, and 2 in groups B and C were lower than those in group A (day 0, p&lt;0.001; day 1, p&lt;0.001; day 2, p=0.002), while the VAS score on day 3 showed no differences in the three groups (group A 1.29 ± 1.38; group B 0.98 ± 1.24; group C 0.75 ± 0.64, p=0.018).ConclusionThe findings suggest that SILS combined with ERAS may be a feasible and safe procedure for CRC surgery because it provides favorable cosmetic results, early dietary resumption, shorter hospital stays, and appropriate control of postoperative pain without increases in complications or readmission rates compared to conventional perioperative care with SILS or conventional laparoscopic surgery(CLS) of CRC. Further prospective randomized controlled studies are needed to enhance evidence-based medical evidence.

Comparison of Intestinal Stent Placement Followed By Laparoscopic Surgery and Emergency Surgery in Obstructive Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis and Meta-analysis

Background: For patients with colorectal cancer and malignant intestinal obstruction, it is still controversial to perform endoscopic intestinal stent placement followed by laparoscopic surgery. This study compares the endoscopic intestinal stent placement followed by laparoscopic surgery and emergency surgery in patients with colorectal cancer and malignant intestinal obstruction.Method: 11 compliant publications from Pubmed, Cochrane and Embase databases were analyzed using Revies Manager 5.2 software. SPSS 21 was used to retrospectively analyze 99 patients admitted to our center from 2014 to 2019.Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in three of the five criteria. In the SBTS group, the perioperative mortality rate was lower, with an OR of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.22-0.95, P=0.04), the incidence of postoperative wound infection was lower; OR was 0.44 (95% CI: 0.24-0.82, P=0.009); Postoperative hospital stay was shorter, MD was -2.07 (95% CI: -2.55--1.59, P<0.00001).Retrospective analysis of the clinical outcome differences between the SBTS group and ES group in our center: Compared to the ES group, the SBTS group displayed lower infection rate of surgical incision (χ2=3.94,P =0.04) ); no difference in the frequency of occurrence of anastomotic leakage (χ2=0.18,P=0.67), did not reduce perioperative mortality (χ2=0.94,P=0.33);shorter operating time (204.13±37.35 min) (t=5.08,P=0.000), lower intraoperative blood loss (155.65±94.90 ml) (t=3.90,P=0.001); and shorter postoperative hospital stay (12.91±5.47 d) (t=2.64, P=0.01).Conclusion: Compared the emergency surgery group, endoscopic intestinal stent placement followed by the laparoscopic surgery can reduce perioperative mortality, postoperative wound infection, intraoperative blood loss, and the length of postoperative hospital stay. There was no difference between the two methods as far as the incidence of posterior anastomotic leakage and operating time were concerned.

Analysis on Influencing Factors of Recurrence after Indirect Inguinal Hernia Laparoscopic Surgery

This paper aims to analyze the recurrence of indirect inguinal hernia in children after laparoscopic surgery and investigate the influencing factors that may lead to recurrence so as to guide the prevention and treatment of postoperative recurrence of this kind of disease in the future. The data of 260 children with indirect inguinal hernia treated by laparoscopic surgery and followed up in our hospital from July 2019 to July 2021 were selected. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the basic data. The recurrence was analyzed, and the influencing factors of recurrence were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Among 400 children after indirect inguinal hernia laparoscopic surgery, an occurrence was observed in 15 children, and the recurrence rate was 5.77%. Univariate analysis showed that the age and course of disease were not correlated with recurrence after indirect inguinal hernia laparoscopic surgery ( P > 0.05 ). Being male, bilateral lesions, exact high ligation, loose hernia back wall peritoneum, deciduous ligature, incorrect ligation of the fascia of musculus obliquus externus abdominis, large inguinal hernia, circumferential wiring, and too early off-bed activity were the influencing factors of recurrence after indirect inguinal hernia laparoscopic surgery ( P < 0.05 ). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that being male, bilateral lesions, loose hernia back wall peritoneum, deciduous ligature, incorrect ligation of the fascia of musculus obliquus externus abdominis, large inguinal hernia, and too early off-bed activity were the influencing factors of recurrence after indirect inguinal hernia laparoscopic surgery (OR>1, P < 0.05 ). Exact high ligation and circumferential wiring were protective factors of recurrence after indirect inguinal hernia laparoscopic surgery (OR>1, P < 0.05 ). After indirect inguinal hernia laparoscopic surgery, recurrences were affected by many factors, such as gender, site of pathological changes, and loose hernia back wall peritoneum. For these children with risk factors, reasonable intervention should be taken to reduce recurrence; exact high ligation and circumferential wiring are the protective factors. If permitted, the children meeting related indications can be treated by high ligation or circumferential wiring to reduce the risk of recurrence after indirect inguinal hernia laparoscopic surgery.

Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Surgery: Anesthetic Management and Complications

Laparoscopic surgery results in physiologic changes that encompass multiple organ systems, with respiratory, cardiovascular and neurologic and splanchnic effects. Insufflation of the peritoneum results in reduced lung volumes, atelectasis, and endobronchial migration of the endotracheal tube. Pneumoperitoneum can result in changes to venous return, cardiac output and blood pressure. Hypercapnia due to carbon dioxide gas used in insufflation can reduce cerebral perfusion pressure. Complications during laparoscopic surgery often occur during port placement and creation of the pneumoperitoneum. Problems include injury to blood vessels during trocar entry, vascular injury in the pneumoperitoneum with limited surgical access, severe bradycardia and arrhythmias due to vagal stimulation from peritoneal stretching, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, gas embolism, and complications associated with steep Trendelenburg positioning. A thorough understanding of the physiologic changes associated with laparoscopic procedures and recognition of potential complications will facilitate in optimal patient care. This review contains 4 figures, 1 table and 52 references Keywords: Laparoscopy; laparoscopic surgery; carbon dioxide; pneumoperitoneum; capnothorax; general anesthesia; subcutaneous emphysema; insufflation