2. Religious superstition

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-34
Author(s):  
Stuart Vyse
Keyword(s):  
Religious Practices ◽  
Secret Societies ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
First Millennium

Under Theodosius I (r. 379–95) Christianity became the Roman Empire’s official religion and the word superstitio was now used against those who once used it against Christians. ‘Religious superstition’ describes the rising concerns over magic and superstition during the last centuries of the first millennium ce. A number of edicts against superstition, magic, and pagan religious practices were produced and working magicians and sorcerers were forced to renounce their practices or face death. Fears about demonic magic swelled during the 14th century, but a much more ominous threat emerged that would be a considerable worry for the next four centuries: conspiratorial groups of demon-worshipping black magicians alleged secret societies of witches.

Ancient Developments in the Middle Senegal Valley and the Inland Niger Delta

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alioune Dème
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Horizontal Differentiation ◽  
Secret Societies ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Inland Niger Delta ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Complexity Theories

The study of West Africa has contributed to the expansion of comparative arid-lands floodplain prehistory, from both the data collection (cultural and historical) and the theoretical aspects. The neoevolutionary approach that often pictures Africa as a backward continent has been successfully challenged. In the Middle Senegal Valley and in the Inland Niger Delta, research on their societies’ complexity done along these two subcontinent’s floodplains has described new processes (including urbanization) that were not previously featured in the archaeological literature. The two floodplains, because of their ecological diversity, with the richness of their ecological diversity, attracted Saharan populations affected by drought at the end of the second millennium and the first millennium BC. However, after their initiation occupation the two areas took different trajectories in complexity and settlement organization. Large complex settlements have been found at Jenne-jeno and in the Ile a Morphil that illustrate whole new trajectories of civilization. These forms of complexity, found in areas with historically known polities, were not included in the range of possibilities predicted by standard complexity theories regarding civilizational development. Ethnographic and historical data, reveal the existence of societies with a central authority embedded within and balanced by a diffuse, segmented and heterarchical power structure; often as a strategy to resist the individual consolidation of power. These societies exhibit evidence of horizontal differentiation and consensus-based decision making. All these types of organization are characterized by the presence of several sources of power vested in corporate entities, such as lineages, age groups, cults and secret societies.

scholarly journals Einige Personennamen und Götternamen in schwedischen Ortsnamen

1990 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 441-457
Author(s):  
Sven Benson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Investigation ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Old Norse ◽  
Place Names ◽  
First Millennium

This article aims at shedding light on the religious conditions of Sweden during the first millennium CE, especially the centuries during which Old Norse religious practices were gradually paralleled and replaced by Christian customs, by analyzing names of persons and gods that are included in places names deriving from this era. The statistical investigation shows that the names of the most common Nordic gods – Oden, Tor, Frö and Fröja – are significantly more common as parts of place names than the most common male names of that time: Anders, Karl, Erik, Bengt and Jon.

Images and Temples

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Religious Practices ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Medieval India

During the first millennium CE, Hindus in India developed a complex and conspicuous set of religious practices and institutions centered on the worship of physical images or icons. These images were treated as theophanies, that is, as material embodiments or supports for the tangible presence of the Hindu gods. Considering the importance of these religious practices in classical and medieval India, it is surprising that discussion of them in the Dharmaśāstra literature is quite sparse. This chapter traces the discourse pertaining to Hindu images and temples within the Dharmaśāstra and related genres. It examines both the iconophobic orientation, as found in texts such as the Dharmaśāstra of Manu, and those orthodox iconodules within the Dharmaśāstra ambit who did engage with and articulate programs of image-related ritual practice.

Glimpses of History of Anatomy

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-68
Keyword(s):  
14Th Century ◽  
Look Back ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
History Of Anatomy ◽  
Modern Form

ABSTRACT The second half of first millennium before Christ was perhaps the most important period during which Anatomy was established as a science. This period presents the towering personality of Hippocrates, whose work “On anatomy – from Hippocratic collection” was perhaps the earliest treatise on anatomy. His work “On the heart” was earliest complete anatomical work. Human dissections were performed in Italy and France during 14th century. Mondino de Luzzi, the restorer of anatomy performed public dissections at Bologna. But it did not matter. The job was done. Anatomy in its modern form firmly established itself after Vesalius; never to look back again. How to cite this article Husain ZSH. Glimpses of History of Anatomy. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci 2016;1(2):67-68.

The correction of double entry bookkeeping errors in the late 14th century

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Kuter ◽  
Marina Gurskaya ◽  
Ripsime Bagdasaryan
Keyword(s):  
14Th Century ◽  
Double Entry

The Excavation of a Settlement of the Later Bronze Age and Iron Age at Myrehead, Falkirk District

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Ring Groove ◽  
Domestic Activity ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
First Millennium Bc ◽  
Actual Settlement

SUMMARY Myrehead has revealed the eroded remnants of activity from the Beaker period (Period A) onwards, with actual settlement evinced only from about the early first millennium be. The three houses and the cooking pits of Period B may have been constructed and used sequentially. This open settlement was probably replaced during the mid first millennium bc, possibly without a break, by a palisaded enclosure (Period C), which may have contained a ring-groove house and a four-post structure. Continued domestic activity (Period D) was suggested by a single pit outside the enclosure, dated to the late first millennium bc/early first millennium ad. The limited evidence of the economy of the settlements suggests a mixed farming system.

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