Background:Modern anaesthesia workstations are reassuringly tight and are equipped with effective gas monitoring, thus providing good opportunities for low/minimal flow anaesthesia. A prerequisite for effective low flow anaesthesia is the possibility to rapidly increase and decrease gas concentrations in the circle system, thereby controlling the depth of anaesthesia. Methods:We studied the wash-in and wash-out of sevoflurane in the circle system with fixed fresh gas flow and vaporizer setting. We compared two modern anaesthesia work stations, the Aisys (GE, Madison, WI, USA) and FLOW-i (Maquet, Solna, Sweden) in a test lung model. Results: We found fresh-gas flow to have, as expected, a major influence on wash-in, as well as wash-out of sevoflurane. The wash-in time to reach a stable circle 1 MAC (2.1%) decreased from an average of 547 ± 83 seconds with a constant fresh gas flow of 300 ml/min and vaporizer setting of 8%, to a mean of 38 ± 6 seconds at a fresh gas flow of 4 L/min. There were only minor differences between the two works-stations tested; the Aisys was slightly faster at both 300 and 4 L/min flow. Time to further increase circle end-tidal concentration from 1-1.5 MAC showed likewise significant associations to fresh gas and decreased from 330 ± 24 seconds at 300 ml/min. to less than a minute at constant 4 L/min (17 ± 11 seconds), without anaesthetic machine difference. Wash-out was also fresh gas flow dependent and plateaued at 7.5 L/min. Conclusions: Circle system wash-in and wash-out show clear fresh gas dependency and varies somewhat between the Aisys and Flow-i. The circle saturation, reaching 1 MAC end-tidal or increasing from 1-1.5 MAC can be achieved with both work-stations within 1.5 minutes at a constant fresh gas flow of 2 and 4 L/min. Wash-out plateaued at 7.5 L/min.
Model-based automatic feedback control versus human control of end-tidal isoflurane concentration using low-flow anaesthesia