Since menstrual toxic shock syndrome (MTSS) is associated with a predominant clone of Staphylococcus aureus which produces both toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), we sought to clarify the role of TSST-1 in a tampon-associated vaginal infection model in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits, using isogenic tst+/sea+S. aureus mutants in which tst was inactivated by allelic replacement. Rabbits infected with the tst-/sea+strain became ill within 3 days, with fever, weight loss, conjunctival hyperemia, and lethargy. Mortality was significantly higher with the tst+/sea+strain compared to its tst-/sea+isogenic derivative (4/13 vs. 0/14; p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test, 2-tailed). Mean fever index was higher (p < 0.005; t test, 2-tailed) and weight loss more sustained among survivors in the tst+/sea+group. Furthermore, culture filtrates from the tst+/sea+strain induced a significantly greater response in mitogenesis and TNFalpha secretion from rabbit splenocytes in vitro compared to the tst-/sea+isogenic derivative. Thus, regardless of the role of SEA, TSST-1 significantly contributed to both morbidity and mortality in this tampon-associated vaginal infection model in NZW rabbits. This is the first demonstration of the potential role of TSST-1 and SEA in the pathogenesis of MTSS with a MTSS-associated clinical S. aureus strain in a relevant animal model.Key words: toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1, superantigens, rabbit model.
