Political Affiliation

Yiddish ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 150-164
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shandler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Affiliation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
World War ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter examines the role that Yiddish played, beginning in the late nineteenth century, in many Jews’ participation in progressive politics, including trade unionism, socialism, anarchism, labor Zionism, and communism. The Yiddishism engendered by various political movements became, for some Jews, an ideological end in itself. Their commitment to maintaining and transforming the language has served as a definitional practice of Jewish solidarity. In the post–World War II era, Yiddish has been implicated in new political uses by Hasidim, by new generations of progressive Jews, and by non-Jews in Europe engaged in coming to terms with the destruction of European Jewry.

The German and Japanese Empires

2021 ◽  
pp. 1123-1160
Author(s):  
Daniel Hedinger ◽  
Moritz von Brescius
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World Order ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Shared History ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Second World

This chapter provides an analytical overview of the German and Japanese imperial projects from the mid-nineteenth century to the end of World War II. It shows how Germany and Japan—two imperial latecomers in the late nineteenth century—redefined imperialism and colonialism in the first half of the twentieth century. In order to realize their dreams of a new imperial world order, both countries broke with what had come before, and their violent imperial projects turned out to be radically new and different. While Europe had never seen an empire like Hitler’s, the same is true of East Asia and the so-called Co-Prosperity Sphere during the Second World War. In the end, it was their wars for empire and brutal legacies that not only profoundly shaped their respective national histories, but also undermined the legitimacy of imperialism after 1945. The chapter, which focuses on a series of important moments from a trans-imperial perspective, highlights two points. First, it stresses that the German and Japanese empires had a shared history. Second, it shows that by their emergence as colonial powers, Japan and Germany first fundamentally challenged and later changed the very rules of the “imperial game” and the existing global order. Their histories are central to understand great power competition in the first half of the 20th century as well as the imperial nature of the World Wars.

scholarly journals THE NIŠ COOPERATIVE: 1921‒1947

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-205
Author(s):  
DEJAN D. ANTIĆ ◽  
IVAN M. BECIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Privately Owned

Numerous local monetary bureaus owned by shareholders were established in the Kingdom of Serbia in the late nineteenth century. Many of these institutions, such as the Niš Cooperative, not only engaged in banking services but also owned industrial and trade companies. Economic circumstances changed so significantly after World War I that bank managements often were unable to cope with them. The Niš Cooperative was an example of a stable yet not particularly powerful monetary bureau whose reputation depended on the leading members of its Board of Directors. Unlike most other monetary bureaus, the Niš Cooperative continued operating after World War II up until privately-owned monetary bureaus were closed by the socialist Yugoslav government.

Israel

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Michael J. Bazyler ◽  
Kathryn Lee Boyd ◽  
Kristen L. Nelson ◽  
Rajika L. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Even prior to World War II and the Holocaust, many Jews emigrated to Palestine. In the late nineteenth century, waves of anti-Semitism swept through Europe, reviving the Zionists’ quest to re-establish a Jewish homeland. An Israeli state was eventually declared in 1948. Even though Israel had not been a sovereign state during World War II, and no property expropriation laws had been passed, in 2005, the Israeli Parliament (Knesset) convened a commission to investigate the issue of property restitution in Israel—movable and immovable—for victims of the Holocaust. In 2006, Israel passed a restitution law addressing private property located in Israel where the owner had disappeared or died during World War II. The law also addressed what would happen if the properties had become heirless. A commission, the Company for Location and Restitution of Holocaust Victims’ Assets (known as “Hashava” in Hebrew), was created in 2006 to return assets of the Holocaust located in Israel (including land). Hashava ceased operations at the end of 2017. Israel endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.

‘Collaboration Strategy’ and the French Pacification of Tonkin, 1885–1897

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kim Munholland
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
Technological Advantage ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Tropical Climates

Decolonization has had a significant impact upon the way that historians explain the process of Europe’s late nineteenth-century imperial expansion. Assumptions about superior technology now appear insufficient in themselves to account for the ability of relatively small armies to gain control over sizeable territory and populations in Africa and Asia. Although, as has recently been argued, advances in weaponry and medicine enabled Europeans to operate in tropical climates against less sophisticated opposition with devastating effect, differences in technology cannot explain the ability of less well-endowed national resistance movements to defeat colonial armies in the mid-twentieth century.1 Since 1945 various wars of national liberation have demonstrated that advanced technology, an impressive commitment of manpower, and an enormous expenditure of money cannot guarantee military success against a nationalist resistance in a colonial setting. If anything, this discrepancy in technological advantage between colonialist powers and anti-western resistance movements was as great or greater in the post-World War II era than in the late nineteenth century. Historians thus must seek additional explanations for the rapid advance of European conquest during the heyday of imperialism.

Diffusion and Transformation of Western Sports in North Asia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayuri Guthrie-Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Elite Sport ◽  
World War ◽  
Stepping Stone ◽  
North Asia ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter tracks the diffusion of Western-style athletic culture in Japan and Korea since the late nineteenth century. It argues that modern teach sport was introduced to Japan and Korea by British and American educators and Christian missionaries. Many Western team sports were introduced to North Asia by the YMCA. Japan sought excellence in Olympic sports before World War II as evidence of its modernity. Sport served in Korea as a mechanism for expressing anticolonial nationalism. After World War II, economic growth enabled both nations to allocate more resources to excellence in elite sport. Hosting the Asian Games and the Olympics were considered by both Japan and Korea as a stepping-stone to achieving first-class nation status and international recognition.

Long-run trends in world trade and income

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS A. IRWIN
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Post War

This paper examines the statistical relationship between world trade and world income (GDP) over three different epochs: the pre-World War I era (1870–1913), the interwar era (1920–1938), and the post-World War II era (1950–2000). The results indicate that trade grew slightly more rapidly than income in the late nineteenth century, with little structural change in the trade–income relationship. In the interwar and post-war periods, the trade–income relationship can be divided into different periods due to structural breaks, but since the mid 1980s trade has been more responsive to income than in any other period under consideration. The trade policy regime differed in each period, from the bilateral treaty network in the late nineteenth century to interwar protectionism to post-war GATT/WTO liberalization. The commodity composition of trade has also shifted from primary commodities to manufactured goods over the past century, but the results cannot directly determine the reasons for the increased sensitivity of trade to income.

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