Genomic Insights Into the Genetic Structure and Natural Selection of Mongolians

Mongolians dwell at the Eastern Eurasian Steppe, where is the agriculture and pasture interlaced area, practice pastoral subsistence strategies for generations, and have their own complex genetic formation history. There is evidence that the eastward expansion of Western Steppe herders transformed the lifestyle of post-Bronze Age Mongolia Plateau populations and brought gene flow into the gene pool of Eastern Eurasians. Here, we reported genome-wide data for 42 individuals from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of North China. We observed that our studied Mongolians were structured into three distinct genetic clusters possessing different genetic affinity with previous studied Inner Mongolians and Mongols and various Eastern and Western Eurasian ancestries: two subgroups harbored dominant Eastern Eurasian ancestry from Neolithic millet farmers of Yellow River Basin; another subgroup derived Eastern Eurasian ancestry primarily from Neolithic hunter-gatherers of North Asia. Besides, three-way/four-way qpAdm admixture models revealed that both north and southern Western Eurasian ancestry related to the Western Steppe herders and Iranian farmers contributed to the genetic materials into modern Mongolians. ALDER-based admixture coefficient and haplotype-based GLOBETROTTER demonstrated that the former western ancestry detected in modern Mongolian could be recently traced back to a historic period in accordance with the historical record about the westward expansion of the Mongol empire. Furthermore, the natural selection analysis of Mongolians showed that the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region underwent significantly positive selective sweeps. The functional genes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and lactase persistence (LCT), were not identified, while the higher/lower frequencies of derived mutations were strongly correlated with the genetic affinity to East Asian/Western Eurasian populations. Our attested complex population movement and admixture in the agriculture and pasture interlaced area played an important role in the formation of modern Mongolians.

A complete view of the atmospheric hydrologic cycle

The global atmospheric water transport from the evaporation to the precipitation regions has been traced using Lagrangian trajectories. A matrix has been constructed by selecting various group of trajectories based on their surface starting(evaporation) and ending (precipitation) positions to show the connectivity of the atmospheric water transport within and between the three major ocean basins and the global landmass. The analysis reveals that a major portion of the evaporated water precipitates back into the same region, namely 67 % for the Indian, 64 % for the Atlantic, 85 % for the Pacific Ocean and 72 % for the global landmass. The evaporation from the subtropical regions of the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is found to be the primary source of atmospheric water for precipitation over the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the corresponding basins. The evaporated waters from the subtropical and western Indian Ocean were traced as the source for precipitation over the South Asian and Eastern African landmass, while Atlantic Ocean waters are responsible for rainfall over North Asia and Western Africa. Atlantic storm tracks were identified as the carrier of atmospheric water that precipitates over Europe, while the Pacific storm tracks were responsible for North American, eastern Asian and Australian precipitation. The bulk of South and Central American precipitation is found to have its source in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The recycling of evapotranspirated water from land is pronounced over the western coast of South America, Northeastern Asia, Canada and Greenland. The ocean-to-land and land-to-ocean water transport through the atmosphere was computed to be 2 × 109 kg/s and 1 × 109 kg/s, respectively. The difference between them (net ocean-to-land transport), i.e. 1 × 109 kg/s, is transported to land. This net transport is approximately the same as found in previous Eulerian estimates.

Network-based Approach and Climate Change Benefits for Forecasting the Amount of Indian Monsoon Rainfall

Despite the development of sophisticated statistical and dynamical climate models, a relative long-term and reliable prediction of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) has remained a challenging problem. Towards achieving this goal, here we construct a series of dynamical and physical climate networks based on the global near surface air temperature field. We uncover that some characteristics of the directed and weighted climate networks can serve as efficient long-term predictors for ISMR forecasting. The developed prediction method produces a forecasting skill of 0.54 (Pearson correlation) with a 5-month lead-time by using the previous calendar year’s data. The skill of our ISMR forecast is better than that of operational forecasts models, which have, however, quite a short lead-time. We discuss the underlying mechanism of our predictor and associate it with network-ENSO and ENSO-monsoon connections. Moreover, our approach allows predicting the all India rainfall, as well as the different Indian homogeneous regions’ rainfall, which is crucial for agriculture in India. We reveal that global warming affects the climate network by enhancing cross-equatorial teleconnections between the Southwest Atlantic, the Western part of the Indian Ocean, and the North Asia-Pacific region, with significant impacts on the precipitation in India. A stronger connection through the chain of the main atmospheric circulations patterns benefits the prediction of the amount of rainfall. We uncover a hotspot area in the mid-latitude South Atlantic, which is the basis for our predictor, the South-West Atlantic Subtropical Index (SWAS-index). Remarkably, the significant warming trend in this area yields an improvement of the prediction skill.

Features of biodiversity of the Uchursky landscape nature reserve (Ayano-Maiskoye district of Khabarovsk Territory)

It was revealed that the botanical and geographical feature of the vegetation cover of the Uchursky complex nature reserve is its position in the zone of convergence of the continental and monsoon climates, claimed by sharply contrasting phlorogenetic elements of the vegetation cover. The gradient of continentality - oceanicity in the vegetation cover is quite clearly traced between the eastern and western macroslopes of the mountain systems of the Uchur River basin. A complex history of the formation of the territory, the height difference from 1,000 to 2,000 meters, the variety of rocks created the conditions for the existence of floristic complexes of different ecology and origin. In this regard, on the territory of the nature reserve, an overlap of the marginal zones of plants ranges of oceanic and continental origin was found, which defines the richness of the region’s biodiversity, but makes both species and communities unstable. The uniqueness of the flora of the Geran Ridge was revealed, with the main core formed by species of non-Angarid origin, concentrated on the weathering crust of the basic rocks. The participation of alpinogenic, arctic and arctic-alpine species is noted. The pine-larch forests, which are unique in their species composition, are found on the outcrops of carbonate rocks on the right bank of the Uchur River, opposite the mouth of the Lyalmi River and in the Uchur-Ulkan interfluve. In this area, there are 79 species of endemic highland species of North Asia. The Red Book of Khabarovsk Territory includes 37 species of vascular plants, 4 species of lichens and 1 representative of the kingdom of mushrooms.

PENGARUH LEAFLET DIBANDINGKAN POWER POINT TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU HAMIL TENTANG HEPATITIS B DI UPTD PUSKESMAS KEDOKAN BUNDER KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU TAHUN 2020

Introduction: Every year Hepatitis B has experienced a very rapid increase from <1% up to now reaching 5%, it is estimated that worldwide has a history of Hepatitis B and has Hepatitis B up to 2 billion people. Pregnant women have a high risk of transmitting infections around 1.5 to 2.5% of pregnant women worldwide who have Hepatitis B. Areas with the highest risk include the Mediterranean, Middle East (Gulf countries, Saudi Arabia and Turkey), Pakistan, Central, and North Asia namely Japan, Taiwan, Greenland and Africa, the Amazon basin and certain regions of the Indonesia Pacific. This study aims to determine the effect of leaflets versus power points on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women about Hepatitis B. Methods: analytical research with Quasi-experiment technique with pretest and posttest Two Group Design designs taken with accidental sampling technique obtained a sample of 20 people in the leaflet group and 20 people in the powerpoint group. The instrument used was a questionnaire created by researchers who had tested the validity and reliability. The analysis used in the knowledge variable uses the Wilcoxon test and in the attitude, variable use the Mcnemar test. To know the comparison of knowledge using the Independent t-test and the attitude using the Chi-square test. Results: the results of the independent t-test were used to find out the comparison between the leaflet group and the PowerPoint group, the p-value was 0.206, and the chi-square test between the leaflet group and the PowerPoint group obtained a p-value of 1,000. Conclusion: there was no difference in the effect of using leaflets compared to power points on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women about Hepatitis B in UPTD Puskesmas Kedokan Bunder Indramayu Regency in 2020.

The Database of the Active Faults of Eurasia (AFEAD): Ontology and Design behind the Continental-Scale Dataset

Active faults are those faults on which movement is possible in the future. It draws particular attention to active faults in geodynamic studies and seismic hazard assessment. Here we present a high-detail continental-scale geodatabase: The Active Faults of Eurasia Database (AFEAD). It comprises 46,775 objects stored in the shapefile format with spatial detail sufficient for a map of scale 1:1M. Fault sense, a rank of confidence in activity, a rank of slip rate, and a reference to source publications are provided for each database entry. Where possible, it is supplemented with a fault name, fault zone name, abbreviated fault parameters (e.g., slip rate, age of the last motion, total offset), and text information from the sources. The database was collected from 612 sources, including regional maps, databases, and research papers. AFEAD facilitates a spatial search for local studies. It provides sufficient detail for planning a study of a particular fault system and guides deeper bibliographical investigations if needed. This scenario is particularly significant for vast Central and North Asia areas, where most studies are available only in Russian and hardcopy. Moreover, the database model provides the basis for GIS-based regional and continental-scale integrative studies. The database is available at https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10333.74726 and via web map at http://neotec.ginras.ru/index/mapbox/database_map.html (last access: July 30, 2021). Some database representations with supplementary data are hosted at http://neotec.ginras.ru/index/english/database_eng.html.

Comparative analysis of agricultural development in the Russian border areas of North Asia

The object of the research is the Russian border areas of North Asia, which include Tyumen Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Altai Krai, Tyva Republic, The Republic of Buryatia, Zabaikalsky Krai and Amurskaya Oblast. This research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of agricultural development in these territories over a long period from the early 1970s to the present. The authors have analysed the dynamics of the gross regional product of the considered regions and its structure, the share of agriculture in GRP of the regions, the volume of agricultural production (in US dollars), cultivated areas and a number of indicators of agricultural development efficiency. Conclusions are made about the low role of the considered regions in the formation of the RF GDP, as well as about the insignificant share of agricultural products in GRP of the regions and the decreased efficiency of agricultural land use in comparison with the average indicators for the Russian Federation.

Conditions for human capital formation in rural areas of Russian North Asia

In modern conditions, human capital is of great importance in the production of the value of goods and services. At present, the social and living conditions of people in rural areas lag far behind urban ones. Russia has identified a socially oriented model of society development among the development priorities for the coming years, which involves the support of social spheres of the economy that determine the conditions for human capital development. The article discusses the main conditions for the formation of human capital in rural areas of North Asia, which covers the territories of the least populated federal districts – Siberian, Ural and Far Eastern. The selected entities are different in terms of economic development and infrastructural potential. The article highlights the main factors in the formation of human capital and the conditions for its development in this region. The importance of the role of the state in ensuring the availability and improving the quality of social services, reducing the differences between rural and urban living conditions is shown.