The Court

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilmann Büttner
Keyword(s):  
Civil Service ◽  
Complete System ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Civil Service Tribunal ◽  
Court Of First Instance ◽  
Court Of Appeal

The UPC, universally referred to as ‘the Court’ throughout the text of the Agreement pursuant to Art 2(a) UPCA, is to be regarded legally as a legal entity sui generis (Art 4(1) UPCA) and structurally as a uniform entity. The Court entity as a whole comprises both the judiciary structures, which are the Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeal, and the non-judiciary structures, which are the Registry with sub-registries set up at all divisions of the Court (Art 10(1) and (2) UPCA). The Court’s structure visibly follows that of the CJEU which, according to Art 19 TFEU, comprises as a unitary court the European Court of Justice, the General Court, and the Civil Service Tribunal, thus establishing a complete system of courts.

Centros Ltd—A Complete U-Turn in the Right of Establishment for Companies?

2000 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Looijestijn-Clearie
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Member State ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Registered Office ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Company

InCentros Ltd and Erhvers-og Selskabsstyrelesen (hereinafter Centros),1 the European Court of Justice ruled that it is contrary to Article 52 (now Article 432) and Article 58 (now Article 48) of the EC Treaty for the authorities of a member State (in casu Denmark) to refuse to register a branch of a company formed under the law of another member State (in casu the United Kingdom) in which it has its registered office, even if the company concerned has never conducted any business in the latter State and intends to carry out its entire business in the State in which the branch is to be set up. By avoiding the need to form a company there it would thus evade the application of the rules governing the provision for and the paying-up of a minimum share capital in force in that State. According to the Court, this does not, however, prevent the authorities of the member State in which the branch is to be set up from adopting appropriate measures for preventing or penalising fraud, either with regard to the company itself, if need be in co-operation with the member State in which it was formed, or with regard to its members, where it has been determined that they are in fact attempting, by means of the formation of a company, to evade their obligations towards creditors established in the territory of the member State of the branch.

scholarly journals Az általános gazdasági érdekű szolgáltatások és az egyetemes szolgáltatás értelmezéséről az Európai Unióban

Competitio ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Eva Sztanko
Keyword(s):  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Court Of First Instance

Az elmúlt közel tíz évben az európai társadalommodellről folytatott vita középpontjában az általános gazdasági érdekű szolgáltatások jövőbeni szerepének megfogalmazása állt. Az Európai Bizottság széleskörű nyilvános konzultációt indított el az általános gazdasági érdekű szolgáltatások közszolgáltatási célkitűzéseiről, az életminőségre, a környezetre és az európai vállalkozások versenyképességére gyakorolt hatásairól, valamint a szolgáltatások szervezésének és finanszírozásának módjáról. Ehhez a konzultációhoz az Európai Közösségek Bírósága (European Court of Justice) és az Elsőfokú Bíróság (Court of First Instance) általános érdekű szolgáltatásokkal1 kapcsolatos ügyekben hozott határozatai is hozzájárultak. Bár a bíróságok döntései nem voltak mindig konzisztensek, mégis nagyban segítették az általános gazdasági érdekű szolgáltatások fogalmának pontosabb meghatározását.

The EC and WTO Trade and Environment Case Law: Procedural Aspects, Legal Principles and Institutional Matters

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 327-350
Author(s):  
Nicola Notaro
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Trade And Environment ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Court Of First Instance ◽  
Two Bodies

Hundreds of studies have been conducted by lawyers, economists and political scientists on international trade and environment, yet very few attempts have been made to compare judicial decisions adopted in this area by the European Court of Justice, its Court of First Instance, and GATT/WTO rulings on trade and environment. Most of the existing publications are either limited in scope, because they only focus on a comparison of two cases at any one time, or are outdated, especially in the light of innovative European and Appellate Body jurisprudence of the last few years. Here, a comparison of the main trade and environment themes traversing the two bodies of case-law, including procedural issues, will be undertaken. This will cast light on the means by which the current tension between trade and environment might be resolved. Account will be taken of the different “constitutional” positions of judicial bodies in the two legal orders, the role played by the presence (or absence) of the legislator, and its influence on reasoning in judicial decisions.

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