Juridification, Politicization, and Circumvention of Law: (De-)Legitimizing Chemical Warfare before and after Ypres, 1899–1925

2021 ◽  
pp. 221-238
Author(s):  
Miloš Vec
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
World War ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Up Elements ◽  
First World

One of the most terrifying weapons introduced to the First World War by the progress of natural sciences and technology was poison gas. While the chapters by Isabel V. Hull, Aimee Genell and Mustafa Aksakal deal with the German and Ottoman justifications of the respective entries into the war, Miloš Vec turns to the justificatory discourse of chemical warfare. After the first German gas attack in 1915 at Ypres a political and legal debate started. The justificatory discourse of chemical warfare took up elements from international treaties and doctrine, discussing the centuries-old use of poisonous weapons which was now being dealt with in the Hague Conventions. Political interests, military necessity, and ethical standards clashed when interpreting the provisions of Article 23 of the ‘Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land’ from 1899, prohibiting ‘(t)o employ poison or poisoned arms’. This chapter discusses the international legal debate around chemical weapons as it relates to politics before, during, and after the First World War. The historical justification of a particular type of weapon and warfare illustrates the conceptualization of international law and politics at that time.

The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
I. B. Holley ◽  
L. F. Haber
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

scholarly journals Collective Motherliness in Italy. Reception and Reformulation of Ellen Key’s feminist ideas in Sibilla Aleramo and Ada Negri (1905-1921)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Ulla Åkerström
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Single Motherhood ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
First World ◽  
Idealistic View

This paper aims to explore how the Swedish writer Ellen Key’s ideas on collective motherliness and on the relationship between man and woman were received and reformulated in the articles, poetry and prose of Sibilla Aleramo and Ada Negri before and after the First World War. The ideas in Aleramo’s autobiographical novel Una donna (1906) were close to Key’s theories, but her autobiographical novel Il passaggio (1919) was quite different. Ada Negri’s idealistic view of motherhood, as expressed in her collection of poetry Maternità (1904), corresponded to parts of Key’s conception of motherhood, while Negri’s dream of single motherhood and the realisation of that ideal is emphasized in her autobiographical novel Stella mattutina (1921).

The Winchester Repeating Arms Company’s Exports to Foreign Powers During the First World War

2021 ◽  
Vol VII (1) ◽  
pp. 37-60
Author(s):  
Matthew Moss
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Small Arms ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Buffalo Bill ◽  
Before And After ◽  
War Effort ◽  
First World

During the First World War, the Winchester Repeating Arms Company was one of a number of American small arms manufacturers that played a key role in the Entente’s war effort. Winchester provided not only rifles, but also ammunition and munitions materials to all three of the major Allied nations—Britain, France, and Russia. This article was written following a fresh survey of the available documentation from the period which survives in the Winchester archives, now held by the McCracken Library at the Buffalo Bill Center of the West, in Cody, Wyoming. As may be expected, the available documentation is incomplete and thus the conclusions contained herein are necessarily limited. Nonetheless, it is clear from the magnitude of Winchester’s work—both before and after the United States’ entry into the war—that the company played a significant role in arming the Entente powers during a period when European industrial capacity was at its limits. This article explores the scope of the company’s work and identifies several of the key items supplied to their European customers. The author also sheds new light on some of the difficulties and challenges Winchester faced in carrying out their wartime production.

Chemical Weapons Convention enters into force

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (317) ◽  
pp. 208-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Herby
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
World War ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Chemical And Biological Weapons ◽  
Biological Weapons Convention ◽  
First World

The Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction, of 13 January 1993 (Chemical Weapons Convention - CWC) enters into force on 29 April 1997, following the deposit by Hungary on 31 October 1996 of the 65th instrument of ratification. This landmark Convention complements and reinforces the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons by also banning the development, production and stockpiling of chemical weapons — as well as their use — and requiring the destruction of existing stockpiles. The 1925 Geneva Protocol was adopted following a dramatic appeal against chemical warfare by the ICRC at the end of the First World War. The Biological Weapons Convention, in force since 1975, has outlawed the development, production and stockpiling of these weapons.

The Poisonous Cloud; Chemical Warfare in the First World War.

1988 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Brooks E. Kleber ◽  
L. F. Haber ◽  
William Moore
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Historiography of the Post-War Turkish Settlement

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
Bülent Gökay
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Complete Disintegration ◽  
International Power ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
First World

The end of the First World War marked the complete disintegration of the multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire. This disintegration was followed by a powerful surge of various nationalistic currents on the one hand, and an international power struggle for the control of the region on the other. The 1918-1923 period, therefore, represents a crucial phase, for not only were the overall forms of the international power relations in the area defined during these years, but the political structures and the orientations of various social and political interests within the states concerned were also similarly determined.

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