Health

This chapter deals with what is said to be the most important thing in life: health. Health, therefore, is a big deal in all OECD countries, which on average spent almost one-tenth of their GDP on their health-care system. These health-care systems are at the centre of this chapter. After having discussed their origins and developments and the existing typologies of health-care systems we analyse the three functions of each health-care system in detail, i.e. finance, delivery, and regulation. In a nutshell, we find that systems have become more complex and more hybrid over time, while the clear distinctions between different system types have been blurred. One reason for this is the attempt to pick up elements from other system types in order to increase effectiveness and efficiency. As different systems produce different results, performance measurement has become of increasing interest, an issue we turn on then. Respective approaches, however, are still—at best—highly disputable. As health-care systems seem to be in a state of permanent reform, in a subsequent section we present approaches to explain such reforms coming from different strands of theory. The chapter concludes with a view on international and global health, highlighting that health governance issues emerge at the interface of local, national, regional, and global interests.

Sauveur Galliéro et la Génération du Môle :

This article addresses the question of identity issues underpinned in the affirmation of an Algerian painting through the figure of Sauveur Galliéro (1914-1963). As a self-taught artist and leader of the "Generation of the Môle of Algiers," he was a major intercessor between European and indigenous communities. At the heart of artistic, political and social issues, he holds a singular and plural position. The personal archives of the artist and a review of the colonial press allow us to analyze the reception of his work between Paris and Algiers, with the assumption that it bears the seeds of an open “Algerianity”. Free of any colonialist perspective, taking up elements of North African and European traditions, it is indeed anchored in a local and universal topos: the artist's relationship to the sea.

Role of investigative versions in determining the situation of the commission of the crime

The event of a crime, its preparation, as well as the concealment of traces of the committed act take place in specific conditions of place, time and other factors. These conditions affect the criminal act in different ways, develop independently or at the will of the participants in the crime, and mainly characterize a certain external environment, other factors of objective reality. Investigation of crimes is one of the most important tasks facing law enforcements. In a forensic analysis of a crime during the investigation, traces that make up elements of the external environment and other factors can be identified and studied. The analysis allows you to collect forensic information about the situation that arose at the time of the crime. A correct assessment of the situation in the commission of a crime will allow to put forward versions, plan investigative actions and operational-search measures. In turn, forensic versions are the basis for planning a crime investigation. Key words: crime, setting of the crime, investigation, investigative version

Juridification, Politicization, and Circumvention of Law: (De-)Legitimizing Chemical Warfare before and after Ypres, 1899–1925

One of the most terrifying weapons introduced to the First World War by the progress of natural sciences and technology was poison gas. While the chapters by Isabel V. Hull, Aimee Genell and Mustafa Aksakal deal with the German and Ottoman justifications of the respective entries into the war, Miloš Vec turns to the justificatory discourse of chemical warfare. After the first German gas attack in 1915 at Ypres a political and legal debate started. The justificatory discourse of chemical warfare took up elements from international treaties and doctrine, discussing the centuries-old use of poisonous weapons which was now being dealt with in the Hague Conventions. Political interests, military necessity, and ethical standards clashed when interpreting the provisions of Article 23 of the ‘Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land’ from 1899, prohibiting ‘(t)o employ poison or poisoned arms’. This chapter discusses the international legal debate around chemical weapons as it relates to politics before, during, and after the First World War. The historical justification of a particular type of weapon and warfare illustrates the conceptualization of international law and politics at that time.

The Prehistory of the Slavic Vowel System

The methodological differences between Kapović and myself are threefold: (1) He disregards the chronological aspects of linguistic developments. As a result, he mixes up elements from different stages of development. (2) He disregards the linguistic system in which developments take place. As a result, he reconstructs typologically improbable linguistic systems. (3) He multiplies the input criteria of his rules in order to arrive at the correct output. The larger the number of input distinctions, the easier it becomes to generate any desired output. A combination of these devices renders his treatment opaque and confuses the issues at hand.

The turfgrass in landscape and landscaping

Turfgrasses have become an essential element in the world landscape, due to their aesthetic, environmental and agricultural values. Since prehistory, specifically in the age of dinosaurs, grass pollens have been reported by historians, as well as African tribes have used grass species around their villages for hunting and defending enemies. Medieval castles were surrounded with grass to better visualize the horizon of the fortress and the lookout of those who approached it. Over the years, seeds were disseminated to various parts of the world, and the lawn began to be reported in books on botany, and its use in gardens began to gain notoriety. Thus, grass species became part of the population’s daily life, from the Renaissance to the contemporary-modern period, and make up elements of the garden landscape (residential and private) cemeteries, parks, sports fields, roadside, and more recently, on green roofs. In Brazil, with the enhancement of landscaping and the arrival of several types of turfgrasses, the lawn has become a requirement in the construction of a garden. Currently in the Brazilian market, there are thirteen registered different species of turf, which have characteristics and particularities for their use in the constitution of the landscape and landscaping.

Separation of Chromium Cadmium Nickel and Titanium from Ilmenite Ore

This study shows the separation of chromium, cadmium, nickel and titanium from Egyptian ilmenite ore. ‎The method implicates leaching the ore in 20% hydrochloric acid. Titanium ions, after removal of the ferrous ions, were precipitated as a hydroxide. It was reduced with 1 M alcoholic ascorbic acid. Chromium, cadmium, and nickel in the leachate were estranged by a strongly basic Lewatit 600 anion exchanger. The picked-up elements were eluted using 4M hydrochloric acid. An azo resorcinol 4-(2-pyridylazo) dye helps complexing of the adsorbed elements to form negatively charged complexes. Adsorption isotherms were modelled in an ethanol/acetic acid/water media. Results show that the convenient conditions of leaching the ore were 30% HCl for 120 min at 80°C, solid: liquid ratio of 1:30 and stirring. The interaction between the metal ions and the ion-exchanger to form the complex compounds is an electrostatically controlling-adsorption step. The trivalent chromium showed a significant perception at an acid medium at a pH 3.5-4.5. Cadmium and nickel ions uptake takes place in an alkaline medium. The chelating capacity of the sorbent is proportional to the electronegativity of the metal-dye complexes. The ∆E of the leaching process amounts to 13.8 kJ per mole.

Mechanism of upstream promoter element stimulation of transcription at a ribosomal RNA promoter determined by single-molecule imaging

DNA elements upstream of transcription promoters play a role in regulating transcription initiation in all organisms. In bacteria, upstream A-T rich sequences called UP elements can stimulate transcription through contact with the α subunit C-terminal domain (αCTD) of core RNA polymerase (RNAP), but the kinetic mechanisms by which they do so remain unclear. We investigated the role of the UP element in stimulating initiation from the strong E. coli 16s rRNA promoter using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to visualize σ70RNAP holoenzyme binding and the formation nascent RNA by oligonucleotide probe hybridization on individual DNA molecules containing the rrnB P1 promoter. By directly detecting initial binding of σ70RNAP to promoter and monitoring the lifetimes of promoter-polymerase complexes, the experiments reveal the kinetic mechanism of polymerase recruitment to the promoter and the subsequent conformational change that stabilizes binding. The presence of UP stimulated the rate of initial binding of polymerase to promoter by at least six-fold, and this stimulation was fully sufficient to account for the increase in initiation rate by UP. Thus, UP likely functions at this strong promoter simply by acting as a binding target for the rapidly reorienting αCTD domain tethered to the core polymerase. In contrast, there were only minor effects of UP on the measured rates of the conformational change or the dissociation rates of the initial σ70RNAP promoter complexes. These studies define a paradigmatic kinetic mechanism for stimulation of transcription initiation by direct αCTD-DNA interactions. This mechanism can serve as a building block of more complex regulatory architectures in which αCTD promotes transcription through interactions with both DNA and protein activators.