Youth and High School Sports Law Issues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian L. Porto
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
High School Sports ◽  
School Sports ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Free Speech Rights

Youth and high school sports are subject to regulation by private and public entities, resulting in numerous legal issues. Generally, private organizations regulate youth sports, and the rules primarily address the conduct of coaches and parents. Still, some states have extended to youth leagues statutory concussion protocols originally created for middle and high school sports. Governmental regulation is more prominent in high school sports, including state concussion laws and laws against hazing. Three federal laws are particularly important: Title IX, regarding the inclusion of female and, potentially, transgender athletes, and the Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act, concerning athletes with disabilities. This chapter addresses an unresolved issue on each of those subjects before discussing high school athletes’ free-speech rights under the federal Constitution.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussions in High School Athletes: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011–2012 Through 2013–2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. O'Connor ◽  
Melissa M. Baker ◽  
Sara L. Dalton ◽  
Thomas P. Dompier ◽  
Steven P. Broglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Epidemiology Study ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
High School Sports ◽  
School Sports ◽  
Exposure Data ◽  
Rate Ratios

Context:Sports participation is one of the leading causes of concussions among nearly 8 million US high school student-athletes.Objective:To describe the epidemiology of sport-related concussion (SRC) in 27 high school sports during the 2011–2012 through 2013–2014 academic years.Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Setting:Aggregate injury and exposure data from 27 sports in 147 high schools in the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION).Patients or Other Participants:Boy and girl high school athletes during the 2011–2012 through 2013–2014 academic years.Main Outcome Measure(s):Sport-related concussion counts, percentages, rates per 10 000 athlete-exposures (AEs), rate ratios (RRs), and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Rate ratios and IPRs with 95% CIs not containing 1.0 were considered significant.Results:Overall, 2004 SRCs were reported among 27 high school sports, for a rate of 3.89 per 10 000 AEs. Football had the highest SRC rate (9.21/10 000 AEs), followed by boys' lacrosse (6.65/10 000 AEs) and girls' soccer (6.11/10 000 AEs). The SRC rate was higher in competition than in practice (RR = 3.30; 95% CI = 3.02, 3.60). Among sex-comparable sports, the SRC rate was higher in girls than in boys (RR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.34, 1.81); however, the proportion of SRCs due to player-to-player contact was higher in boys than in girls (IPR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.27, 1.73). Common symptoms reported among all athletes with SRCs were headache (94.7%), dizziness (74.8%), and difficulty concentrating (61.0%). Only 0.8% of players with SRCs returned to play within 24 hours. The majority of athletes with SRCs (65.8%) returned to play between 7 and 28 days. More players had symptoms resolve after 7 days (48.8%) than less than a week (40.7%).Conclusions:Our findings provide updated high school SRC incidence estimates and further evidence of sex differences in reported SRCs. Few athletes with SRCs returned to play within 24 hours or a week. Most injured players returned after 7 days, despite a smaller proportion having symptoms resolve within a week.

scholarly journals Timing of Lower Extremity Injuries in Competition and Practice in High School Sports

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Nagle ◽  
Bernadette Johnson ◽  
Lina Brou ◽  
Tyler Landman ◽  
Ada Sochanska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Injury Surveillance System ◽  
High School Sports ◽  
School Sports

Background: Laboratory-based experiments demonstrate that fatigue may contribute to lower extremity injury (LEI). Few studies have examined the timing of LEIs during competition and practice, specifically in high school athletes across multiple sports, to consider the possible relationship between fatigue and LEIs during sport events. Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to describe the timing of LEIs in high school athletes within games and practices across multiple sports, with a hypothesis that more and severe injuries occur later in games and practices. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Using the National High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) sport injury surveillance system, LEI severity and time of occurrence data during practice and competition were extracted for 9 high school sports. Results: During the school years 2005-2006 through 2013-2014, 16,967,702 athlete exposures and 19,676 total LEIs were examined. In all sports surveyed, there was a higher LEI rate, relative risk for LEI, and LEI requiring surgery during competition than practice. During practice, the majority of LEIs occurred over an hour into practice in all sports. In quarter-based competition, more LEIs occurred in the second (31% to 32%) and third quarters (30% to 35%) than in the first (11% to 15%) and fourth quarters (22% to 26%). In games with halves, the majority (53% to 66%) of LEIs occurred in the second half. The greater severity LEIs tended to occur earlier in games. Conclusion: Fatigue may play a role in the predominance of injuries in the second half of games, though various factors may be involved. Greater severity of injuries earlier in games may be because of higher energy injuries when athletes are not fatigued. Clinical Relevance: These findings can help prepare sports medicine personnel and guide further related research to prevent LEIs.

scholarly journals Return to Play Recommendations After COVID-19 Diagnosis in High School Athletes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Calpino ◽  
Jaclyn Morrissette
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
High School Sports ◽  
School Sports ◽  
Medical Evaluation ◽  
High School Athletic

Abstract COVID-19 has drastically changed everyday life across the world and has dramatically impacted how athletics operate. Since the return of high school sports, high school athletic trainers are now responsible for ensuring the safe return of athletes previously diagnosed with COVID-19 to sports. Due to the relatively recent identification of this novel virus, very little is understood about the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection on the cardiac and respiratory systems. Due to the rapid return of athletics, there is unfortunately limited research available regarding how athletes respond to COVID-19 and how it may affect their ability to return to play. Therefore, it is recommended that high school athletes previously diagnosed with COVID-19 undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation with their physician and complete a graduated medically supervised return to play protocol.

scholarly journals A-09 Time to Unrestricted Participation Following Sport-Related Concussion in High School Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-605
Author(s):  
T Covassin ◽  
A Bretzin ◽  
E Beidler ◽  
J Wallace
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
High School Sports ◽  
School Sports ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Medical Clearance ◽  
Injury Reporting ◽  
High School Athletic

Abstract Objective To measure time-to-unrestricted participation in high school athletes following a sport-related concussion (SRC) diagnosis. Method This was a descriptive epidemiological study using the Michigan High School Athletic Association (MHSAA) online Head Injury Reporting System (HIRS). This study included 10,411 (65.9%) male and 5,412 (34.1%) female SRC cases that occurred in 20 sports with greater than 30 SRC cases during the 2015–2016 to 2018–2019 academic years. The HIRS includes dates for SRC injury events and medical clearance for unrestricted return-to-participation for each case; dates were used to calculate recovery time. Kaplan-Meier time-to-event analysis identified crude proportions of athletes that had not obtained medical clearance in weekly increments (e.g., 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, 35 days) across sports. Results The median time-to-unrestricted participation was 11 days. Overall, 71.8% of SRC cases took longer than 7 days to return, 29.6% of SRC cases took longer than 14 days, 13.1% of cases took longer than 21 days to return, and 6.5% took longer than 28 days to return to their respective sports. Results by sport show that over 25% of gymnasts took longer than 28 days to return-to-unrestricted participation, followed by competitive cheerleaders (15.5%), wrestlers (12.1%), and male divers (12.0%). Conclusions Almost one in three high school athletes with SRC took longer than 14 days to return-to-unrestricted participation. These results serve as proportional time estimates for return-to-unrestricted participation across a sample of 20 high school sports; and provide rationale to further evaluate recovery patterns in individual sport groups.

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