Food Insecure Children's Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Is More Likely to Be Misclassified

Introduction: Children’s exposure to secondhand smoke is a cause of serious health problems and infant morbidity. This is the first nationally representative study conducted in Portugal to describe the prevalence of children exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car.Material and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 2396 Portuguese children aged 0 to 9 years old, stratified by age and administrative region NUTS II. Questionnaires were administered between January and September 2016.Results: Results showed that 6.1% of mothers and 11.2% of fathers reported smoking at home. It was found that 4.5% of mothers and 8.3% of fathers reported smoking in the car. Results also showed that 5.4% of children were double exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car. Children whose parents were smokers and had a lower level of education were more exposed to secondhand smoke at home.Discussion: Children’s exposure to secondhand smoke has been decreasing in Portugal. Parental smoking and a low educational level were risk factors for children’s exposure to secondhand smoke at home.Conclusion: The main source of children’s exposure to secondhand smoke is parental smoking. As such, it is crucial to implement effective measures to control parental smoking. It is necessary to promote smoking cessation among parents and to ban smoking inside the car.

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Social disparities in parental smoking and young children’s exposure to secondhand smoke at home: a time-trend analysis of repeated cross-sectional data from the German KiGGS study between 2003-2006 and 2009-2012

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-016-3175-x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Benjamin Kuntz ◽

Thomas Lampert

Keyword(s):

Trend Analysis ◽

Secondhand Smoke ◽

Time Trend ◽

Parental Smoking ◽

Social Disparities ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Kiggs Study ◽

Exposure To Secondhand Smoke ◽

Children’S Exposure ◽

At Home

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Untargeted Urinary Metabolomics and Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: The Influence of Individual Differences

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18020710 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 710

Author(s):

Huiwei Zhu ◽

Abu S. Abdullah ◽

Jingyi He ◽

Jianxiong Xi ◽

Yimeng Mao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Secondhand Smoke ◽

Urinary Metabolites ◽

Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽

Exposure Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Shs Exposure ◽

Induced Changes ◽

Exposure To Secondhand Smoke ◽

Children’S Exposure

Children’s exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a severe public health problem. There is still a lack of evidence regarding panoramic changes in children’s urinary metabolites induced by their involuntary exposure to SHS, and few studies have considered individual differences. This study aims to clarify the SHS-induced changes in urinary metabolites in preschool children by using cross-sectional and longitudinal metabolomics analyses. Urinary metabolites were quantified by using untargeted ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC(c)-MS/MS). Urine cotinine-measured SHS exposure was examined to determine the exposure level. A cross-sectional study including 17 children in a low-exposure group, 17 in a medium-exposure group, and 17 in a high-exposure group was first conducted. Then, a before–after study in the cohort of children was carried out before and two months after smoking-cessation intervention for family smokers. A total of 43 metabolites were discovered to be related to SHS exposure in children in the cross-sectional analysis (false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p < 0.05, variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1.0). Only three metabolites were confirmed to be positively associated with children’s exposure to SHS (FDR corrected p < 0.05) in a follow-up longitudinal analysis, including kynurenine, tyrosyl-tryptophan, and 1-(3-pyridinyl)-1,4-butanediol, the latter of which belongs to carbonyl compounds, peptides, and pyridines. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that 1-(3-pyridinyl)-1,4-butanediol and kynurenine were significantly enriched in xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 (p = 0.040) and tryptophan metabolism (p = 0.030), respectively. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of SHS and indicate the influence of individual differences in SHS-induced changes in urinary metabolites in children.

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