Sixty-two strains of thermophilic aerobic endospore-forming bacteria were subjected to polyphasic taxonomic study including 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, polar lipid and fatty acid analysis, phenotypic characterization, and DNA–DNA hybridization experiments. Distinct clusters of the species
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
,
Geobacillus thermodenitrificans
,
Geobacillus toebii
and
Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius
were formed, allowing their descriptions to be emended, and the distinctiveness of the poorly represented species
Geobacillus jurassicus
,
Geobacillus subterraneus
and
Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticus
was confirmed. It is proposed that the name
Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius
be corrected to Geobacillus thermoglucosidans nom. corrig.
Bacillus thermantarcticus
clustered between
Geobacillus
species on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and its transfer to the genus
Geobacillus
as Geobacillus thermantarcticus comb. nov. (type strain LMG 23032T = DSM 9572T = strain M1T = R-35644T) is proposed. The above-mentioned species, together with
Geobacillus thermoleovorans
and
Geobacillus thermocatenulatus
, form a monophyletic cluster representing the genus
Geobacillus
. The distinctiveness of ‘Geobacillus caldoproteolyticus’ was confirmed and it is proposed that it be accommodated, along with
Geobacillus tepidamans
, in the genus
Anoxybacillus
as Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus sp. nov. (type strain DSM 15730T = ATCC BAA-818T = LMG 26209T = R-35652T) and Anoxybacillus tepidamans comb. nov. (type strain LMG 26208T = ATCC BAA-942T = DSM 16325T = R-35643T), respectively. The type strain of
Geobacillus debilis
was not closely related to any members of the genera
Anoxybacillus
and
Geobacillus
, and it is proposed that this species be placed in the new genus Caldibacillus as Caldibacillus debilis gen. nov. comb. nov. The type strain of the type species, Caldibacillus debilis, is LMG 23386T ( = DSM 16016T = NCIMB 13995T = TfT = R-35653T).