scholarly journals Cytoarchitectonic similarity is a wiring principle of the human connectome

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandros Goulas ◽  
René Werner ◽  
Sarah F Beul ◽  
Dennis Säring ◽  
Martijn van den Heuvel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Wiring Diagram ◽  
Classic Work ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Fundamental Challenge ◽  
Cortical Regions

AbstractUnderstanding the wiring diagram of the human cerebral cortex is a fundamental challenge in neuroscience. Elemental aspects of its organization remain elusive. Here we examine which structural traits of cortical regions, particularly their cytoarchitecture and thickness, relate to the existence and strength of inter-regional connections. We use the architecture data from the classic work of von Economo and Koskinas and state-of-the-art diffusion-based connectivity data from the Human Connectome Project. Our results reveal a prominent role of the cytoarchitectonic similarity of supragranular layers for predicting the existence and strength of connections. In contrast, cortical thickness similarity was not related to the existence or strength of connections. These results are in line with findings for non-human mammalian cerebral cortices, suggesting overarching wiring principles of the mammalian cerebral cortex. The results invite hypotheses about evolutionary conserved neurobiological mechanisms that give rise to the relation of cytoarchitecture and connectivity in the human cerebral cortex.

Brodmann’s map of the human cerebral cortex — or Brodmann’s maps?

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloš Judaš ◽  
Maja Cepanec ◽  
Goran Sedmak
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Left Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Cortical Map ◽  
People Today

AbstractThe cytoarchitectonic map of the adult human cerebral cortex prepared by Korbinian Brodmann is probably the most widely used and reproduced cortical map. However, few people today realize that in the period between 1908 and 1914 (the first and last date of maps publication by Brodmann himself) that map was gradually developed, extended and subjected to some significant modifications. The aim of this article is to reproduce and briefly describe all versions of Brodmann’s map, trace its changes and highlight the importance of these changes — especially with respect to the speech and language related cortical regions of the left cerebral hemisphere.

scholarly journals A role for cerebral cortex in the suppression of innate defensive behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Natale ◽  
Maria Esteban Masferrer ◽  
Senthilkumar Deivasigamani ◽  
Cornelius T. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Defensive Behavior ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Defensive Behaviors ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Neuron Function ◽  
Stressful Stimulus

AbstractThe cerebral cortex is involved in the control of cognition and the processing of learned information and it appears to have a role in the adaptation of behavior in response to unpredictable circumstances. In addition, the cortex may have a role in the regulation of innate responses since rodents, cats or primates with surgical removal or accidental destruction of cortical regions show excessive irritability, aggression and rage elicited by threatening stimuli. However, it remains unclear whether cortex has an acute role in suppressing innate threat responses because the imprecision and chronic nature of these lesions leaves open the possibility that compensatory processes may underlie some of these phenotypes. In the present study we used pharmacogenetic inhibition to precisely, rapidly and reversibly suppress cortical pyramidal neuron function and examine its contribution to defensive behaviors elicited by a variety of innately aversive stimuli. Inhibition of cortex caused an increase of defensive responses elicited by an aggressive conspecific, a novel prey, and a physically stressful stimulus. These findings are consistent with a role of cortex in the acute inhibition of innate defensive behaviors.

Structural basis of the developmental plasticity in the human cerebral cortex: The role of the transient subplate zone

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivica Kostović ◽  
Nikola Lukinović ◽  
Miloš Judaš ◽  
Nenad Bogdanović ◽  
Ladislav Mrzljak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex

scholarly journals Planar cell polarity pathway and development of the human visual cortex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Shin ◽  
Shaojie Ma ◽  
Edith Hofer ◽  
Yash Patel ◽  
Gennady V. Roshchupkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Chromosome 17 ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Cortical Regions

AbstractThe radial unit hypothesis provides a framework for global (proliferation) and regional (distribution) expansion of the primate cerebral cortex. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we have identified cortical regions with shared variance in their surface area and cortical thickness, respectively, segmented from magnetic resonance images obtained in 23,800 participants. We then carried out meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies of the first two principal components for each phenotype. For surface area (but not cortical thickness), we have detected strong associations between each of the components and single nucleotide polymorphisms in a number of gene loci. The first (global) component was associated mainly with loci on chromosome 17 (9.5e-32 ≤ p ≤ 2.8e-10), including those detected previously as linked with intracranial volume and/or general cognitive function. The second (regional) component captured shared variation in the surface area of the primary and adjacent secondary visual cortices and showed a robust association with polymorphisms in a locus on chromosome 14 containing Disheveled Associated Activator of Morphogenesis 1 (DAAM1; p=2.4e-34). DAAM1 is a key component in the planar-cell-polarity signaling pathway. In follow-up studies, we have focused on the latter finding and established that: (1) DAAM1 is highly expressed between 12th and 22nd post-conception weeks in the human cerebral cortex; (2) genes co-expressed with DAAM1 in the primary visual cortex are enriched in mitochondria-related pathways; and (3) volume of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which projects to regions of the visual cortex staining for cytochrome oxidase (a mitochondrial enzyme), correlates with the surface area of the visual cortex in major-allele homozygotes but not in carriers of the minor allele. Altogether, we speculate that, in concert with thalamocortical input to cortical subplate, DAAM1 enables migration of neurons to cytochrome-oxidase rich regions of the visual cortex, and, in turn, facilitates regional expansion of this set of cortical regions during development.

scholarly journals Corticosteroids and Regional Variations in Thickness of the Human Cerebral Cortex across the Lifespan

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Parker ◽  
Didac Vidal-Pineiro ◽  
Leon French ◽  
Jean Shin ◽  
Hieab H H Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract Exposures to life stressors accumulate across the lifespan, with possible impact on brain health. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms mediating age-related changes in brain structure. We use a lifespan sample of participants (n = 21 251; 4–97 years) to investigate the relationship between the thickness of cerebral cortex and the expression of the glucocorticoid- and the mineralocorticoid-receptor genes (NR3C1 and NR3C2, respectively), obtained from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. In all participants, cortical thickness correlated negatively with the expression of both NR3C1 and NR3C2 across 34 cortical regions. The magnitude of this correlation varied across the lifespan. From childhood through early adulthood, the profile similarity (between NR3C1/NR3C2 expression and thickness) increased with age. Conversely, both profile similarities decreased with age in late life. These variations do not reflect age-related changes in NR3C1 and NR3C2 expression, as observed in 5 databases of gene expression in the human cerebral cortex (502 donors). Based on the co-expression of NR3C1 (and NR3C2) with genes specific to neural cell types, we determine the potential involvement of microglia, astrocytes, and CA1 pyramidal cells in mediating the relationship between corticosteroid exposure and cortical thickness. Therefore, corticosteroids may influence brain structure to a variable degree throughout life.

scholarly journals The Essential Role of Centrosomal NDE1 in Human Cerebral Cortex Neurogenesis

2011 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Bakircioglu ◽  
Ofélia P. Carvalho ◽  
Maryam Khurshid ◽  
James J. Cox ◽  
Beyhan Tuysuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex

scholarly journals Cariprazine in the management of negative symptoms of schizophrenia: state of the art and future perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. FNL52
Author(s):  
Christoph U Correll ◽  
Koen Demyttenaere ◽  
Andrea Fagiolini ◽  
Göran Hajak ◽  
Stefano Pallanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
D3 Receptor ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Clinical Issue ◽  
Cortical Regions

In schizophrenia, dopaminergic hyperactivity in the mesolimbic regions, or possibly even selectively so in the dorsal striatum, seems to cause the emergence of psychotic symptoms, whereas dopaminergic hypoactivity in cortical regions underlies the negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. Managing the negative symptoms is a major current challenge in the treatment of schizophrenia with a dearth of novel modalities to address this clinical issue. Cariprazine is a novel second-generation antipsychotic that specifically targets the D3 receptor mainly associated to negative symptoms. The review summarizes the main issues regarding negative symptom management and the role of cariprazine treatment.

scholarly journals Development and aging of cortical thickness correspond to genetic organization patterns

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (50) ◽  
pp. 15462-15467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders M. Fjell ◽  
Håkon Grydeland ◽  
Stine K. Krogsrud ◽  
Inge Amlien ◽  
Darius A. Rohani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Genetic Organization ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Development And Aging ◽  
Genetic Clustering ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Adult Twins

There is a growing realization that early life influences have lasting impact on brain function and structure. Recent research has demonstrated that genetic relationships in adults can be used to parcellate the cortex into regions of maximal shared genetic influence, and a major hypothesis is that genetically programmed neurodevelopmental events cause a lasting impact on the organization of the cerebral cortex observable decades later. Here we tested how developmental and lifespan changes in cortical thickness fit the underlying genetic organizational principles of cortical thickness in a longitudinal sample of 974 participants between 4.1 and 88.5 y of age with a total of 1,633 scans, including 773 scans from children below 12 y. Genetic clustering of cortical thickness was based on an independent dataset of 406 adult twins. Developmental and adult age-related changes in cortical thickness followed closely the genetic organization of the cerebral cortex, with change rates varying as a function of genetic similarity between regions. Cortical regions with overlapping genetic architecture showed correlated developmental and adult age change trajectories and vice versa for regions with low genetic overlap. Thus, effects of genes on regional variations in cortical thickness in middle age can be traced to regional differences in neurodevelopmental change rates and extrapolated to further adult aging-related cortical thinning. This finding suggests that genetic factors contribute to cortical changes through life and calls for a lifespan perspective in research aimed at identifying the genetic and environmental determinants of cortical development and aging.

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