scholarly journals Parallel lemniscal and non-lemniscal sources control auditory responses in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemant K Srivastava ◽  
Sharba Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Persistent Activity ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Auditory Thalamus ◽  
Deviance Detection ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Behavioral Requirement ◽  
Long Timescales

AbstractThe orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), controls flexible behavior through stimulus value updating based on stimulus outcome associations, allowing seamless navigation in dynamic sensory environments with changing contingencies. Sensory cue driven responses, primarily studied through behavior, exist in the OFC. However, OFC neurons’ sensory response properties, particularly auditory, are unknown, in the mouse, a genetically tractable animal. We show that mouse OFC single neurons have unique auditory response properties showing pure deviance detection and long timescales of adaptation resulting in stimulus-history dependence. Further, we show that OFC auditory responses are shaped by two parallel sources in the auditory thalamus, lemniscal and non-lemniscal. The latter underlies a large component of the observed deviance detection and additionally controls persistent activity in the OFC through the amygdala. The deviant selectivity can serve as a signal for important changes in the auditory environment. Such signals if coupled with persistent activity, obtained by disinhibitory control from the non-lemniscal auditory thalamus or the amygdala, will allow for associations with a delayed outcome related signal, like reward prediction error, and potentially forms the basis of updating stimulus outcome associations in the OFC. Thus the baseline sensory responses allow the behavioral requirement based response modification through relevant inputs from other structures related to reward, punishment, or memory. Thus, alterations in these responses in neurological disorders can lead to behavioral deficits.

scholarly journals Differential rapid plasticity in auditory and visual responses in the primarily multisensory orbitofrontal cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudha Sharma ◽  
Sharba Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Flexible Behavior ◽  
Visual Cortices ◽  
Stimulus Value ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
Visual Bias

AbstractIn a dynamic environment with rapidly changing contingencies, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) guides flexible behavior through coding of stimulus value. Although stimulus-evoked responses in the OFC are known to convey outcome, baseline sensory response properties in the mouse OFC are poorly understood. To understand mechanisms involved in stimulus value/outcome encoding it is important to know the response properties of single neurons in the mouse OFC, purely from a sensory perspective. Ruling out effects of behavioral state, memory and others, we studied the anesthetized mouse OFC responses to auditory, visual and audiovisual/multisensory stimuli, multisensory associations and sensory-driven input organization to the OFC. Almost all, OFC single neurons were found to be multisensory in nature, with sublinear to supralinear integration of the component unisensory stimuli. With a novel multisensory oddball stimulus set, we show that the OFC receives both unisensory as well as multisensory inputs, further corroborated by retrograde tracers showing labeling in secondary auditory and visual cortices, which we find to also have similar multisensory integration and responses. With long audiovisual pairing/association, we show rapid plasticity in OFC single neurons, with a strong visual bias, leading to a strong depression of auditory responses and effective enhancement of visual responses. Such rapid multisensory association driven plasticity is absent in the auditory and visual cortices, suggesting its emergence in the OFC. Based on the above results we propose a hypothetical local circuit model in the OFC that integrates auditory and visual information which participates in computing stimulus value in dynamic multisensory environments.Significance StatementProperties and modification of sensory responses of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) involved in flexible behavior through stimulus value/outcome encoding are poorly understood. Such responses are critical in providing the framework for the encoding of stimulus value based on behavioral context while also directing plastic changes in sensory regions. The mouse OFC is found to be primarily multisensory with varied nonlinear interactions, explained by unisensory and multisensory inputs. Audio-visual associations cause rapid plastic changes in the OFC, which bias visual responses while suppressing auditory responses. Similar plasticity was absent in the sensory cortex. Thus the observed intrinsic visual bias in the OFC weighs visual stimuli more than associated auditory stimuli in value encoding in a dynamic multisensory environment.

Longitudinal imaging of VIP interneurons reveals sup-population specific effects of stroke that can be rescued with chemogenetic therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Motaharinia ◽  
Kimberly Gerrow ◽  
Roobina Boghozian ◽  
Emily White ◽  
Sun-Eui Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Somatosensory Responses ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Longitudinal Imaging

Abstract Stroke profoundly disrupts cortical excitability which impedes recovery, but how it affects the function of specific inhibitory interneurons, or subpopulations therein, is poorly understood. Interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) represent an intriguing stroke target because they can regulate cortical excitability through disinhibition. Here we chemogenetically augmented VIP interneuron excitability after stroke to show that it enhances somatosensory responses and improves recovery of paw function. Using longitudinal calcium imaging, we discovered that stroke primarily disrupts the fidelity (fraction of responsive trials) and predictability of sensory responses within a subset of highly active VIP neurons. Partial recovery of responses occurred largely within these active neurons and was not accompanied by the recruitment of minimally active neurons. Importantly, chemogenetic stimulation preserved sensory response fidelity and predictability in highly active neurons. These findings provide a new depth of understanding into how stroke and prospective therapies (chemogenetics), can influence subpopulations of inhibitory interneurons.

scholarly journals Multisensory Integration in the Superior Colliculus of the Alert Cat

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 1006-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Wallace ◽  
M. Alex Meredith ◽  
Barry E. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Alert Cat

Wallace, Mark T., M. Alex Meredith, and Barry E. Stein. Multisensory integration in the superior colliculus of the alert cat. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1006–1010, 1998. The modality convergence patterns, sensory response properties, and principles governing multisensory integration in the superior colliculus (SC) of the alert cat were found to have fundamental similarities to those in anesthetized animals. Of particular interest was the observation that, in a manner indistinguishable from the anesthetized animal, combinations of two different sensory stimuli significantly enhanced the responses of SC neurons above those evoked by either unimodal stimulus. These observations are consistent with the speculation that there is a functional link among multisensory integration in individual SC neurons and cross-modality attentive and orientation behaviors.

Mechanosensory properties in the human gastric antrum evaluated using B-mode ultrasonography during volume-controlled antral distension

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (5) ◽  
pp. G876-G882 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gregersen ◽  
T. Hausken ◽  
J. Yang ◽  
S. Ødegaard ◽  
O. H. Gilja
Keyword(s):  
Anticholinergic Drug ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Gastric Antrum ◽  
Variation Coefficient ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Pressure Amplitude ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Volume Controlled ◽  
Antral Distension

The aims of this study were to evaluate gastric antral mechanical behavior and distension-induced sensorimotor responses in the human gastric antrum using transabdominal ultrasound scanning. Ten healthy volunteers underwent volume-controlled ramp inflation of a bag located in the antrum with volumes up to 125 ml. The active and passive circumferential tensions and stresses were calculated from measurements of pressure, diameter, and wall thickness before and during the administration of the anticholinergic drug butylscopolamine. The bag distensions elicited contractions in the antrum and sensory responses below the pain threshold. Butylscopolamine abolished the contractions and significantly reduced the sensory response. The length-tension diagram known from in vitro studies of smooth muscle strips could be reproduced as tension-volume diagrams in the human gastric antrum. The number of induced contractions and the contraction pressure amplitude (afterload) showed a parabolic behavior as function of the distension volume (preload), with maximum approximately at 70 ml. At the sensation threshold, the luminal circumference showed the lowest variation coefficient (13–25%), whereas the variation coefficient was more than 100% for the pressure, tensions, and stresses. We conclude that the muscle length-tension diagram and typical preload-afterload curves ad modem the Frank-Starling cardiac law can be obtained in the human gastric antrum. The sensory responses were most closely associated with the luminal circumference, indicating that the sensation during antral distension depends on deformation rather than on tension.

Facilitating Sensory Responses in Developing Mouse Somatosensory Barrel Cortex

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 2992-3003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aren J. Borgdorff ◽  
James F. A. Poulet ◽  
Carl C. H. Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Early Postnatal Development ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
Whole Cell Recordings

The sensory responses in the barrel cortex of mice aged postnatal day (P)7–P12 evoked by a single whisker deflection are smaller in amplitude and spread over a smaller area than those measured in P13–P21 mice. However, repetitive 10-Hz stimulation or paired pulse whisker stimulation in P7–P12 mice evoked facilitating sensory responses, contrasting with the depressing sensory responses observed in P13–P21 mice. This facilitation occurred during an interval ranging 300–1,000 ms after the first stimulus and was measured using whole cell recordings, voltage-sensitive dye imaging, and calcium-sensitive dye imaging. The facilitated responses were not only larger in amplitude but also propagated over a larger cortical area. The facilitation could be blocked by local application of pharmacological agents reducing cortical excitability. Local cortical microstimulation could substitute for the first whisker stimulus to produce a facilitated sensory response. The enhanced sensory responses evoked by repetitive sensory stimuli in P7–P12 mice may contribute to the activity-dependent specification of the developing cortical circuits. In addition, the facilitating sensory responses allow long integration times for sensory processing compatible with the slow behavior of mice during early postnatal development.

scholarly journals Precision of auditory responses deteriorates on the way to frontal cortical areas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana López-Jury ◽  
Adrian Mannel ◽  
Francisco Garcia-Rosales ◽  
Julio C. Hechavarria
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Model ◽  
Sound Processing ◽  
Complex Behaviour ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Synaptic Dynamics ◽  
Auditory Field

AbstractFrontal areas of the mammalian cortex are thought to be important for cognitive control and complex behaviour. These areas have been studied mostly in humans, non-human primates and rodents. In this article, we present a quantitative characterization of response properties of a frontal auditory area responsive to sound in the bat brain, the frontal auditory field (FAF). Bats are highly vocal animals and they constitute an important experimental model for studying the auditory system. At present, little is known about neuronal sound processing in the bat FAF. We combined electrophysiology experiments and computational simulations to compare the response properties of auditory neurons found in the bat FAF and auditory cortex (AC) to simple sounds (pure tones). Anatomical studies have shown that the latter provide feedforward inputs to the former. Our results show that bat FAF neurons are responsive to sounds, however, when compared to AC neurons, they presented sparser, less precise spiking and longer-lasting responses. Based on the results of an integrate-and-fire neuronal model, we speculate that slow, low-threshold, synaptic dynamics could contribute to the changes in activity pattern that occur as information travels through cortico-cortical projections from the AC to the FAF.

scholarly journals Parallel Lemniscal and Non-Lemniscal Sources Control Auditory Responses in the Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC)

eNeuro ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. ENEURO.0121-20.2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemant K. Srivastava ◽  
Sharba Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Auditory Responses

scholarly journals A study to further develop and refine carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) nerve conduction grading tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Hirani
Keyword(s):  
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Carpal Tunnel ◽  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Grading Systems ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Sensory Changes ◽  
Sensory Responses

Abstract Background The severity of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may be categorised in a number of ways utilising one of a range of presently available grading tools. The grading systems proposed by Bland and Padua are the most commonly used, however, both have limitations, which are discussed in detail in this paper. The aim of this research is to establish, using the best available evidence, a clinically appropriate revision of the current CTS nerve conduction grading tool, and to compare with existing grading tools used in UK Neurophysiology clinics. The revised scale is designed from a clinical physiologist perspective and based on the numerical values of nerve conduction findings. The proposed revised grading system is based on more nuanced, descriptive categories, ranging from Normal to Early, Mild Sensory, Mild Sensory Motor, Moderate Sensory, Moderate Sensory Motor, Severe Sensory Motor, Extremely Severe Sensory Motor, and Complete absence. Method A total of 1123 patients (2246 hands) were included in this study, with the aim of evaluating the revised grading system. Data was collected based on the extensive and detailed grading systems previously described by Bland and Padua. All data was recorded numerically to ensure methodological reliability. Result Of the 2246 patients’ hands tested, the nerve conduction was graded as normal in 968 hands; nerve conduction showed early changes in 271 hands; mild sensory changes in 215 hands, mild changes in both motor and sensory response in 51 hands; moderate sensory changes in 134 hands; moderate sensory and motor changes in 356 hands; severe changes in motor and sensory responses in 204 hands; extremely severe sensory and motor changes in 33 hands and complete absence of response in 14 hands. Conclusion The revised grading tool could offer a more numerical grading to the Clinical Physiologist and could help the surgeon to ascertain the level of severity in order to decide on either a conservative or surgical approach to treatment if they decide to use the proposed grading which could support them to defend their decision in cases of litigation.

scholarly journals Correlation of neural response properties with auditory thalamus subdivisions in the awake marmoset

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 2647-2667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L. Bartlett ◽  
Xiaoqin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Firing Rate ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Medial Geniculate Body ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Temporal Precision ◽  
Auditory Thalamus ◽  
Information Bottleneck ◽  
Medial Geniculate

As the information bottleneck of nearly all auditory input that reaches the cortex, the auditory thalamus serves as the basis for establishing auditory cortical processing streams. The functional organization of the primary and nonprimary subdivisions of the auditory thalamus is not well characterized, particularly in awake primates. We have recorded from neurons in the auditory thalamus of awake marmoset monkeys and tested their responses to tones, band-pass noise, and temporally modulated stimuli. We analyzed the spectral and temporal response properties of recorded neurons and correlated those properties with their locations in the auditory thalamus, thereby forming the basis for parallel output channels. Three medial geniculate body (MGB) subdivisions were identified and studied physiologically and anatomically, although other medial subdivisions were also identified anatomically. Neurons in the ventral subdivision (MGV) were sharply tuned for frequency, preferred narrowband stimuli, and were able to synchronize to rapid temporal modulations. Anterodorsal subdivision (MGAD) neurons appeared well suited for temporal processing, responding similarly to tone or noise stimuli but able to synchronize to the highest modulation frequencies and with the highest temporal precision among MGB subdivisions. Posterodorsal subdivision (MGPD) neurons differed substantially from the other two subdivisions, with many neurons preferring broadband stimuli and signaling changes in modulation frequency with nonsynchronized changes in firing rate. Most neurons in all subdivisions responded to increases in tone sound level with nonmonotonic changes in firing rate. MGV and MGAD neurons exhibited responses consistent with provision of thalamocortical input to core regions, whereas MGPD neurons were consistent with provision of input to belt regions.

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