Understanding link-level characterization of long-distance 802.11g semi-urban links

The use of amber is documented in the Iberian peninsula since the Palaeolithic. The procurement and trade of this fossil resin has often been considered in discussions of long-distance trade and the emergence of social complexity, but so far no comprehensive view of the Iberian evidence has been produced to allow a more overarching interpretive model. This paper presents the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of archaeological amber from three Iberian prehistoric sites: a necklace recovered from the megalithic site of Palacio III (Almadén de la Plata, Sevilla), a pommel from PP4 Montelirio (Valencina de la Concepción, Sevilla), and a necklace from the Muricecs de Cellers cave (Llimiana, Pallars Jussà, Lleida). Based on these new data and a review of the literature, we present an overview that outlines fluctuations in the use of amber since the Upper Palaeolithic and demonstrates long-distance amber exchange connecting Iberia with northern Europe and the Mediterranean region since the Chalcolithic period at least. We discuss changes in the origins and cultural use of amber and their implications for the consolidation of trade networks.

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Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus Deletion Mutants Circulating in Chronically Infected Patients

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01059-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 81 (22) ◽

pp. 12496-12503 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Suwanna Noppornpanth ◽

Saskia L. Smits ◽

Truong Xuan Lien ◽

Yong Poovorawan ◽

Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

Deletion Mutants ◽

Genotype 3 ◽

Long Distance ◽

Bona Fide ◽

Chronic Hcv ◽

High Level

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has a linear positive-stranded RNA genome of ∼9,600 nucleotides in length and displays a high level of sequence diversity caused by high mutation rates and recombination. However, when we performed long distance reverse transcription-PCRs on HCV RNA isolated from serum of chronic HCV patients, not only full-length HCV genomes but also HCV RNAs which varied in size from 7,600 to 8,346 nucleotides and contained large in-frame deletions between E1 and NS2 were amplified. Carefully designed control experiments indicated that these deletion mutants are a bona fide natural RNA species, most likely packaged in virions. Moreover, deletion mutants were detected in sera of patients infected with different HCV genotypes. We observed that 7/37 (18.9%) of genotype 1, 5/43 (11.6%) of genotype 3, and 4/13 (30.7%) of genotype 6 samples contained HCV deletion mutant genomes. These observations further exemplify HCV's huge genetic diversity and warrant studies to explore their biological relevance.

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Genetic characterization of a novel picornavirus distantly related to the marine mammal-infecting aquamaviruses in a long-distance migrant bird species, European roller (Coracias garrulus)

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.054676-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 94 (9) ◽

pp. 2029-2035 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Ákos Boros ◽

Tamás Kiss ◽

Orsolya Kiss ◽

Péter Pankovics ◽

Beatrix Kapusinszky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marine Mammal ◽

Genetic Characterization ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Bird Species ◽

Long Distance ◽

Coracias Garrulus ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

European Roller ◽

Migrant Bird

Despite the continuously growing number of known avian picornaviruses (family Picornaviridae), knowledge of their genetic diversity in wild birds, especially in long-distance migrant species is very limited. In this study, we report the presence of a novel picornavirus identified from one of 18 analysed faecal samples of an Afro-Palearctic migrant bird, the European roller (Coracias garrulus L., 1758), which is distantly related to the marine-mammal-infecting seal aquamavirus A1 (genus Aquamavirus). The phylogenetic analyses and the low sequence identity (P1 26.3 %, P2 25.8 % and P3 28.4 %) suggest that this picornavirus could be the founding member of a novel picornavirus genus that we have provisionally named ‘Kunsagivirus’, with ‘Greplavirus A’ (strain roller/SZAL6-KuV/2011/HUN, GenBank accession no. KC935379) as the candidate type species.

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