A Hybrid PSO Based Method for Optimizing Water Quality Monitoring Stations in Water Distribution Systems

Drinking Water Distribution Systems facilitate to carry portable water from water resources such as reservoirs, river, and water tanks to industrial, commercial and residential consumers through complex buried pipe networks. Determining the consequences of a water contamination event is an important concern in the field of water systems security and in drinking water distribution systems. The proposed work is based on the development of low cost fuzzy based water quality monitoring system using wireless sensor networks which is capable of measuring physiochemical parameters of water quality such as pH, temperature, conductivity, oxidation reduction potential and turbidity. Based on selected parameters a sensing unit is developed along with several microsystems for analog signal conditioning, data aggregation, sensor data analysis and logging, and remote representation of data to the consumers. Finally, algorithms for fusing the real time data and decision making using fuzzy logic at local level are developed to assess the water contamination risk. Based on the water contamination level in the distribution pipeline the drinking water quality is classified as acceptable/reject/desirable. When the contamination is detected, the sensing unit with ZigBee sends signals to close the solenoid valve inside the pipeline to prevent the flow of contaminated water supply and it intimates the consumers about drinking water quality through mobile app. Experimental results indicate that this low cost real time water quality monitoring system acts as an ideal early warning system with best detection accuracy. The derived solution can also be applied to different IoT (Internet of Things) scenario such as smart cities, the city transport system etc.

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Identifying water quality monitoring stations in a water supply system

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2014.069 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1076-1086 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Al-Zahrani ◽

K. Moied

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Supply ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Water Age ◽

Average Water ◽

Monitoring Stations

Despite good quality assurance and conformance to the standards at the treatment plants, water quality could vary considerably within the distribution network. As water flows through the pipe network, its quality undergoes various transformations due to many factors such as the properties of the finished water, pipe materials, water temperature, water age and low level of disinfectant residuals. Sampling and monitoring of water quality is, therefore, important to ensure that clean and safe water is transported to the consumers. In this paper, a model based on genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic was developed to identify locations of water quality monitoring stations in a water distribution system. While identifying the monitoring locations, multiple sources of water supply, water age and constituent concentration were considered. The developed model was applied on a hypothetical network and results indicate that monitoring stations are proposed at locations with maximum coverage of water supply within the network and maximum violation for average water age and constituent concentrations.

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Locating Optimum Water Quality Monitoring Stations in Water Distribution System

Bridging the Gap ◽

10.1061/40569(2001)393 ◽

2001 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. A. Al-Zahrani ◽

K. Moeid

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Optimum Water ◽

Monitoring Stations

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Simulation of Constant Pressure and Flow Rate Through Mini-Channels Inserted Into Distribution Systems (WDS)

ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels ◽

10.1115/icnmm2012-73216 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Muinul H. Banna ◽

Homayoun Najjaran ◽

Rehan Sadiq ◽

Manuel J. Rodriguez ◽

Syed A. Imran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Constant Pressure ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Constant Flow ◽

Flow Rates

The miniaturised online sensors that were developed in the laboratories were for atmospheric pressure and steady state flow, but in the water distribution network neither the pressure nor the flow is steady. Many of the state of the art drinking water quality monitoring sensors can be operated well below the drinking Water Distribution System (WDS) pressure. Moreover, each of the sensors requires different flow rates. This paper discusses simulation and design of an affordable constant flow and constant outlet pressure system and shows an easy way to provide different flow rates for different sensors. The other criterion which should be met is the flow rate of the water bled (leakage) from WDS which must also be low. To meet the above criteria a 2-D model was developed to represent the constant pressure constant flow system for online water quality monitoring (WQM) sensors. Different configuration of the system is considered and the optimum design includes 1.044 m/s flow velocity which is low enough for the flow to be steady.

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Analyzing multi-variate water quality signals for water quality monitoring station placement in water distribution systems

Journal of Hydroinformatics ◽

10.2166/hydro.2018.162 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 1323-1342 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nathan Sankary ◽

Avi Ostfeld

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Distribution System ◽

False Positive ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Quality Signals ◽

Risk Of Exposure ◽

Monitoring Stations

Abstract Placing fixed water quality monitoring stations in a water distribution system can greatly improve the security of the system via prompt detection of poor water quality. In the event that a harmful substance is injected into a water distribution system, large populations can be put at risk of exposure to the contaminant. Promptly detecting the presence of a contaminant will reduce the number of people put at risk of exposure. However, to protect against a wide variety of possible contaminants, a water quality monitoring station will need to identify contamination via recognition of anomalous changes in a suite of surrogate water quality indicators (chlorine, pH, etc.). This work attempts to place water quality monitoring stations within the water distribution at locations that best detect contamination events via surrogate water quality signals. Networks of water quality monitoring stations are designed to minimize the population affected prior to contamination event detection, and simultaneously minimize the expected number of false positive detections, under uncertain water quality conditions. Solutions generated in this study are compared to solutions designed via classical detection methods. Results show the sensor networks designed without consideration to detection via surrogate water quality parameters have higher false positive detection rates.

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