scholarly journals Response to Vanyukov: Why causality is a valid question for the gateway hypothesis

Addiction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe E. Reed ◽  
Robyn E. Wootton ◽  
Marcus R. Munafò
Keyword(s):  
Gateway Hypothesis

scholarly journals OR15-1 * THE GATEWAY HYPOTHESIS, COMMON LIABILITY TO ADDICTIONS OR THE ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION MODEL? AN ORIGINAL MODELLING PROCESS LINKING THE THREE THEORIES

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. i52-i52
Author(s):  
A. Mayet ◽  
S. Legleye ◽  
F. Beck ◽  
M. Khlat ◽  
N. Chau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Route Of Administration ◽  
Gateway Hypothesis ◽  
Modelling Process

Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis

Addiction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Fergusson ◽  
Joseph M. Boden ◽  
L. John Horwood
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Gateway Hypothesis

Mendelian randomization: A novel test of the gateway hypothesis and models of gene–environment interplay

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1181-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Irons ◽  
Matt McGue ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
William S. Oetting
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Adolescent Drinking ◽  
Gateway Hypothesis ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Normal Enzyme ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antisocial Tendencies

AbstractTo determine if drinking behavior in adolescence provides a “gateway” leading to the misuse of other psychoactive substances and antisocial behavior, we genotyped 180 Asian adolescent adoptees to determine if they inherited the deficient from of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) enzyme that is important in the metabolism of alcohol. Based on the gateway model, we hypothesized that those with normal enzyme activity (70% of the sample) who began to misuse alcohol would also misuse other drugs and display antisocial tendencies. Those with the enzyme deficiency (30%), because they experience unpleasant side effects associated with drinking, were expected to show less evidence of alcohol misuse and thus be less likely to progress to the misuse of other substances or engage in antisocial acts. Consistent with previous research, we found that ALDH2 deficiency was significantly associated with lower rates of drinking and getting drunk but not with ever having tried alcohol. Contrary to the gateway model, we found no evidence that ALDH2 deficiency was associated with lower rates of nonalcohol substance use or antisociality. Finally, in an examination of factors that may moderate the impact of the metabolic protection because of ALDH2 deficiency, we identified siblings rather than parents as the major source of familial environmental effect on adolescent drinking.

Sequential Patterns of Drug Use Initiation - Can We Believe In the Gateway Theory?

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne L Bretteville-Jensen ◽  
Hans O Melberg ◽  
Andrew M Jones
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Gateway Hypothesis ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Gateway Theory ◽  
Multivariate Probit Models ◽  
Hard Drugs ◽  
Drug Problems

Abstract The gateway, or stepping stone, hypothesis is important as it has had considerable influence on drug policy and legislation in many countries. The gateway hypothesis offers one possible explanation for young people's development of serious drug problems. It simply states that the use of one drug increases the risk of starting to consume another, possibly more harmful, drug later on and that the risk increases with frequency of use (dose-response). The empirical basis for the hypothesis is the common finding that most heavy drug users have started with less dangerous drugs first and that there seems to be a "staircase" from alcohol and solvents via cannabis and tablets to amphetamine, cocaine and heroin. The core question is whether the sequential initiation pattern of drug use is best explained by the gateway hypothesis or whether the phenomenon is better understood by employing the concepts of accessibility and/or transition proneness? Based on unique data from a representative sample of 21-30 year olds in Oslo we have examined the gateway effect of both legal (alcohol) and illegal drugs (cannabis) on subsequent use of cannabis and hard drugs (amphetamine and cocaine). We are the first to use multivariate probit models to examine the hypothesis. The models take into account unobservable individual-specific effects to reduce the possibility of a spurious effect of soft drug use on the onset of hard drug use. The gateway effects are greater when we do not take account of unobserved heterogeneity, but, although substantially reduced, they remain considerable when unobserved factors are accounted for.

scholarly journals Can the Gateway Hypothesis, the Common Liability Model and/or, the Route of Administration Model Predict Initiation of Cannabis Use During Adolescence? A Survival Analysis—The TRAILS Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Prince van Leeuwen ◽  
Frank C. Verhulst ◽  
Sijmen A. Reijneveld ◽  
Wilma A.M. Vollebergh ◽  
Johan Ormel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Gateway Hypothesis ◽  
The Common
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