Does It Matter How We Speak About Social Kinds? A Large, Preregistered, Online Experimental Study of How Language Shapes the Development of Essentialist Beliefs

Does It Matter How We Speak About Social Kinds? A Large, Pre-Registered, Online Experimental Study of How Language Shapes the Development of Essentialist Beliefs

10.31234/osf.io/nb6ys ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rachel Leshin ◽

Sarah-Jane Leslie ◽

Marjorie Rhodes

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Group Behavior ◽

Social Categories ◽

Causal Mechanisms ◽

Social Kinds ◽

Generic Language ◽

Critical Aspects

A problematic way to think about social categories is to essentialize them—to treat particular differences between people as marking fundamentally distinct social kinds. From where do these beliefs arise? Language that expresses generic claims about categories elicits some aspects of essentialist thought, but the scope of these effects remains unclear. The present study (N = 204, ages 4.5-8 years, tested via a new online lab) found that generic language increases two critical aspects of essentialist thought, including beliefs that (1) category-related properties arise from intrinsic causal mechanisms and (2) category boundaries are inflexible. These findings have implications for understanding the spread of essentialist beliefs across communities and the development of inter-group behavior.

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Experimental study on the restoration from a tilt-azimuth series for improvement in resolution

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010013955x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 636-637

Author(s):

Norio Baba ◽

Norihiko Ichise ◽

Syunya Watanabe

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Spherical Aberration ◽

Incident Beam ◽

Optical Parameters ◽

Beam Tilting ◽

Illumination Method ◽

Restoration Method ◽

Illumination Mode

The tilted beam illumination method is used to improve the resolution comparing with the axial illumination mode. Using this advantage, a restoration method of several tilted beam images covering the full azimuthal range was proposed by Saxton, and experimentally examined. To make this technique more reliable it seems that some practical problems still remain. In this report the restoration was attempted and the problems were considered. In our study, four problems were pointed out for the experiment of the restoration. (1) Accurate beam tilt adjustment to fit the incident beam to the coma-free axis for the symmetrical beam tilting over the full azimuthal range. (2) Accurate measurements of the optical parameters which are necessary to design the restoration filter. Even if the spherical aberration coefficient Cs is known with accuracy and the axial astigmatism is sufficiently compensated, at least the defocus value must be measured. (3) Accurate alignment of the tilt-azimuth series images.

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