Response to Re: Associations between choroidal thickness, axial length and spherical equivalent in a paediatric population

Purpose. To investigate macular choroidal thickness (CT), topographical variation, and associations between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and age, gender, spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL) in Chinese healthy mild and moderate myopia children aged 8 to 11 years. Methods. One hundred twenty eyes from 120 healthy children were studied. Children were divided into mild and moderate myopia groups. AL and CT were evaluated. CTs were measured at the fovea, and 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior to the fovea. Results. SFCT was 252.80 ± 46.95 µm in the whole population. AL was shorter in the mild myopia group (24.18 ± 0.69 mm) than in the moderate myopia group (24.97 ± 0.68 mm, P<0.001), and SFCT was thicker in the mild myopia group (262.00 ± 40.57 µm) than in the moderate myopia group (236.00 ± 55.08 µm, P=0.005). The topographical variation was similar in refraction groups. CTs nasal to the fovea thinned gradually and were all significantly thinner than SFCT. CTs in the other three directions gradually thickened and peaked at locations of 2 mm to the fovea. Then, CTs thinned at 3 mm to the fovea. The thickest choroid is located temporal to the fovea. There were significant negative correlations between AL and SFCT in the mild myopia group and the whole population. No other correlations were found. Conclusions. The topographical variations of choroidal thickness were similar in mild and moderate myopia groups with the thickest locations temporal to the fovea. SFCT was relatively stable in children in narrow range of age and refractive error.

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Interocular Symmetry in Macular Choroidal Thickness in Children

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2014/472391 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Christiane Al-Haddad ◽

Lama El Chaar ◽

Rafic Antonios ◽

Mays El-Dairi ◽

Baha’ Noureddin

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Axial Length ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

High Definition ◽

Biometric Data ◽

Ocular Abnormality ◽

Thickness Measurements ◽

Sd Oct

Objective.To report interocular differences in choroidal thickness in children using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and correlate findings with biometric data.Methods.This observational cross-sectional study included 91 (182 eyes) healthy children aged 6 to 17 years with no ocular abnormality except refractive error. After a comprehensive eye exam and axial length measurement, high definition macular scans were performed using SD-OCT. Two observers manually measured the choroidal thickness at the foveal center and at 1500 µm nasally, temporally, inferiorly, and superiorly. Interocular differences were computed; correlations with age, gender, refractive error, and axial length were performed.Results.Mean age was 10.40 ± 3.17 years; mean axial length and refractive error values were similar between fellow eyes. There was excellent correlation between the two observers’ measurements. No significant interocular differences were observed at any location. There was only a trend for right eyes to have higher values in all thicknesses, except the superior thickness. Most of the choroidal thickness measurements correlated positively with spherical equivalent but not with axial length, age, or gender.Conclusion.Choroidal thickness measurements in children as performed using SD-OCT revealed a high level of interobserver agreement and consistent interocular symmetry. Values correlated positively with spherical equivalent refraction.

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Relationship between retinal sensitivities and optical coherence tomographic findings in eyes with myopic chorioretinal atrophy

European Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/11206721211008038 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 112067212110080

Author(s):

Masato Kakisu ◽

Takayuki Baba ◽

Takehito Iwase ◽

Hirotaka Yokouchi ◽

Shuichi Yamamoto

Keyword(s):

Axial Length ◽

Medical Records ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Retinal Thickness ◽

Spectral Domain ◽

Retinal Sensitivity ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Ellipsoid Zone ◽

Chorioretinal Atrophy

Purpose: To determine whether there is a significant correlation between the retinal sensitivity and the integrity of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) of the photoreceptors in eyes with myopic chorioretinal atrophy (CRA). We also determined the significance of the correlation between the retinal sensitivity and the retinal and choroidal thicknesses. Methods: The medical records of 10 eyes of six subjects with myopic CRA were reviewed. The integrity of the EZ was determined in the spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic (OCT) images at 37 points of six scans corresponding to the locations where the retinal sensitivities were measured by MP-3 microperimetry. The mesopic retinal sensitivities were determined within the central 16°. The significance of the correlations between the integrity of the EZ and the mesopic retinal sensitivities was determined. The relationships between the retinal and choroidal thickness and the retinal sensitivity were also determined. Results: The average age of the patients was 70.0 ± 6.7 years, and the average axial length of the eye was 29.2 mm. The mesopic sensitivities at the points where the EZ was present were significantly higher than those where the EZ was absent ( p < 0.01). The mesopic sensitivity was significantly correlated with the retinal thickness ( p < 0.01, r = 0.30) and the choroidal thickness ( p < 0.01, r = 0.23). Conclusions: The significant correlation between the mesopic retinal sensitivity and the integrity of the EZ indicates that the mesopic sensitivities can be used to assess the integrity of the photoreceptors in eyes with myopic CRA.

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Choroidal Thickness and Volume in Healthy Young White Adults and the Relationships between them and Axial Length, Ammetropy and Sex

American Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1016/j.ajo.2014.05.035 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 158 (3) ◽

pp. 574-583.e1 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Ana Sanchez-Cano ◽

Elvira Orduna ◽

Francisco Segura ◽

Carmen Lopez ◽

Nicolás Cuenca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Axial Length ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

White Adults

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Diurnal Variations in Axial Length, Choroidal Thickness, Intraocular Pressure, and Ocular Biometrics

Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science ◽

10.1167/iovs.11-7364 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 52 (8) ◽

pp. 5121 ◽

Cited By ~ 214

Author(s):

Ranjay Chakraborty ◽

Scott A. Read ◽

Michael J. Collins

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Axial Length ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Diurnal Variations

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Impact of Valsalva Maneuver on Central Choroid, Central Macula, and Disk Fiber Layer Thickness Among High Myopic and Hyperopic Patients

European Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.5301/ejo.5000834 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 331-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Isil Kurultay-Ersan ◽

Sinan Emre

Keyword(s):

Axial Length ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Valsalva Maneuver ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Macular Thickness ◽

Enhanced Depth Imaging ◽

Central Macular Thickness ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Rnfl Thickness ◽

Before And After

Purpose To evaluate the alterations in mean central choroidal, central macular, and disk retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) during Valsalva maneuver among patients with high refractive errors. Methods A total of 60 high myopic (≥-6.0 D) and 50 high hyperopic (≥ + 3.0 D) eyes of 58 patients aged 19-65 years with visual acuity of 20/20 and without any ophthalmologic or systemic diseases were evaluated by OCT before and after the Valsalva maneuver. The choroidal thickness was measured with enhanced depth imaging OCT method. Central macular thickness, disk RNFL thickness, and axial length were also assessed. Results Mean choroidal thickness increased significantly from 275.0 ± 27.2 μm at rest to 279.8 ± 31.6 μm after Valsalva maneuver in high myopic patients, and from 308.2 ± 27.3 μm to 313.6 ± 28.5 μm in high hyperopic patients (p<0.01 for each). A significant negative correlation of the choroidal thickness was noted with axial length (r = -0.509, p<0.01) and age (r = -0.224, p = 0.01) in the overall study population. Mean central macular thickness was 242.9 ± 44.4 μm and 254.0 ± 22.8 μm, while mean disk RNFL thickness was 81.6 ± 12.4 μm and 98.4 ± 13.3 μm in high myopic and hyperopic patients, respectively. Valsalva maneuver was not associated with significant change in central macular or disk RNFL thickness. Conclusions Significant association of Valsalva maneuver with an increase in choroidal thickness was noted among patients with high degree of myopia and hyperopia. Our findings emphasize the likelihood of increase in choroidal volume due to venous distension to be responsible for the increase observed in choroidal thickness after Valsalva maneuver.

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A calculator proposal for estimating refractive error after 3 years using the onset biometric values in primary school children: a cohort study

10.22541/au.161971139.95061043/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Feride Tuncer Orhan ◽

Haluk Huseyin Gürsoy

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

Anterior Chamber ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Axial Length ◽

Anterior Chamber Depth ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Optical Parameters ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Final Data ◽

The Mean

Aim To evaluate consecutive measurements of the biometric parameters, age, and refraction error in a Turkish population at primary school age. Materials and Methods A total of 197 children aged between 7-12 years were included. The data of three consecutive measurements of children, who were examined at least once a year for three years using both cycloplegic auto-refractometry and optical biometry, were used in this retrospective study. Spherical equivalent <-0.50D was considered to be myopic; >+0.75D was considered to be hypermetropic. Age, gender, body mass index, spherical equivalent, axial length, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness, keratometry, and lens thickness were analyzed. The onset data obtained in 2013 whereas, the final data were from 2015. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed (p<0.05). Results The mean of the onset and the final spherical equivalents were 0.19D (0.56), and 0.08D (0.80), respectively. The myopia prevalence was increased among refractive errors in observation periods (univariable analysis p=0.029; multivariable analysis p=0.017). The onset axial length (HR:4.55, 95%CI:2.87-7.24, p<0.001), keratometry (HR:2.04, 95%CI:1.55-2.67, p<0.001) and age (HR:0.73, 95%CI: 0.57-0.92, p=0.009) correlated myopia progression. To calculate the estimated spherical equivalent, the onset data were included in the logistic regression model. The onset data of spherical equivalent (β=0.916, p<0.001), axial length (β=-0.451, p<0.001), anterior chamber depth (β=0.430, p=0.005) and keratometry (β=-0.172, p<0.001) were found to be significantly associated with the mean SE at the final data. Conclusions To calculate the estimated spherical equivalent following three years, an equation was proposed. The estimated refractive error of children can be calculated by using the proposed equation with the associated onset optical parameters.

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Effects of Orthokeratology on Choroidal Thickness and Axial Length

Optometry and Vision Science ◽

10.1097/opx.0000000000000894 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 93 (9) ◽

pp. 1064-1071 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Zhi Chen ◽

Feng Xue ◽

Jiaqi Zhou ◽

Xiaomei Qu ◽

Xingtao Zhou

Keyword(s):

Axial Length ◽

Choroidal Thickness

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