scholarly journals Prices for Innovative Pharmaceutical Products That Provide Health Gain: A Comparison Between Australia and the United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth E. Roughead ◽  
Ruth Lopert ◽  
Lloyd Norman Sansom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Gain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products

Fake Pharmaceuticals: How They and Relevant Legislation or Lack Thereof Contribute to Consistently High and Increasing Drug Prices

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-542
Author(s):  
Merri C. Moken
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals ◽  
New Applications

The use of pharmaceutical products in the United States has increased more than the use of any other health resource from 1960 to 1990. In excess of 9,600 drugs were on the market in 1984, and the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approves approximately 30 new drugs and countless new applications for alterations of already existing drugs each year. In 2001, the $300 billion pharmaceutical industry sold $154 billion worth of prescription drugs in the United States alone, nearly doubling its $78.9 billion in sales in 1997. With such a rapid increase in market domination and expenditures, the U.S. government and many hospitals have focused their attention on the sales and pricing practices of pharmaceutical companies, as well as other potential factors contributing to these escalating prices. One such cause of the steadily increasing prices of brand name pharmaceuticals is the sale of fake or counterfeit pharmaceuticals (also called “look-alike” drugs).

scholarly journals Qualitative factors underlying the successful investment in new ophthalmic pharmaceutical products in the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 496-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Stewart ◽  
Paul G. Chaney ◽  
Jeanette A. Stewart ◽  
Bonnie Kruft ◽  
Lindsay A. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Qualitative Factors

scholarly journals Educational Attainment Promotes Fruit and Vegetable Intake for Whites but Not Blacks

J ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Maryam Lankarani
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Health Gain ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background. Although the protective effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on health behaviors are well-known, according to the minorities’ diminished return theory, the health return of SES, particularly educational attainment, is systemically smaller for minorities than Whites. Aims. The current study explored Black–White differences in the effects of educational attainment and income on the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Methods. This cross-sectional study used the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017 (n = 3217). HINTS is a nationally representative survey of American adults. The current analysis included 2277 adults who were either non-Hispanic White (n = 1868; 82%) or non-Hispanic Black (n = 409; 18%). The independent variables in this study were SES (educational attainment and income). The dependent variable was consumption of fruits and vegetables. Race was the focal moderator. Results. In the overall sample, high educational attainment and income were associated with higher consumption of fruits and vegetables. Race moderated the effect of educational attainment but not income on the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Conclusion. In line with the past research in the United States, Whites constantly gain more health benefits from the very same educational attainment than Blacks. The health gain from income is more equal across races than the health gain from educational attainment. Such diminished returns may be due to racism across institutions in the United States.

scholarly journals Education Level and Self-rated Health in the United States: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Maryver U. Perez ◽  
Nay’Air Johnson ◽  
Nikesha R. Williams ◽  
Esmeralda Carrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Health Gain ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Education Level ◽  
College Graduation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Introduction: Although education is among the major socioeconomic status (SES) resources that influence populations’ and individuals’ health, social marginalization may reduce the health gain that follows access to SES indicators such as education, a pattern called marginalization-related diminished return (MDR). The literature on MDRs, however, has been mainly derived from studies that have defined marginalization based on race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Thus, more research is needed on MDRs that may follow as a result of immigration. To extend what is known on immigration status related MDRs, this study compared a national sample of immigrants and non-immigrants for the effect of education on the poor self-rated health (SRH) of adults in the United States. Methods: With a cross-sectional design, this study employed data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a survey that had enrolled 33,654 adults who were either immigrants (n=6225; 18.5%) or non-immigrants (n=27429; 81.5%). The independent variable was education level, treated as a categorical variable. The dependent variable was SRH treated as a dichotomous variable. Race, ethnicity, age, gender, marital status, and region were the confounders. Immigration (nativity) was the moderator. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Higher education credentials were associated with better SRH in the pooled sample; however, immigration showed a significant statistical interaction with education level (college graduation) on the outcome. This interaction was indicative of a smaller protective effect of college graduation on poor SRH among immigrants than non-immigrant adults. Conclusion: In line with the MDRs framework, the effect of education on SRH is weaker for immigrants than for non-immigrant adults. There is a need to help highly educated immigrants to mobilize their human capital to secure their best health outcomes, similar to non-immigrants. Such strategies may require bold and innovative policy solutions to reduce discrimination against immigrants, so they can more effectively translate their education and human capital into tangible outcomes such as health.

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