Effect of high moisture storage of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) with or without feed enzymes on growth and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Jagannath MANWAR ◽  
Asit Baran MANDAL
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2065-2072 ◽  
Author(s):  
BARNABAS N. MITARU ◽  
ROBERT D. REICHERT ◽  
ROBERT BLAIR

CYTOLOGIA ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagtar S. Dhesi ◽  
B. S. Gill ◽  
H. L. Sharma

Author(s):  
S. M. Francis

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerospora graminicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The two hosts on which this pathogen causes diseases of major economic importance are Pennisetum typhoides[Pennisetum glaucum] (syn. P. americanum) and Setaria italica. Also recorded on Echinochloa crusgalli, E. crusgalli var. fumentacea, Eleusine indica, Panicum miliaceum, Pennisetum leonis, Saccharum of ficinarum (by inoculation only), Setaria lutescens, S. magna, S. verticillata, S. viridis and Zea mexicana. The disease is very rare on Zea mays with only two confirmed reports, Melhus & Bliss (1928) in the USA and Kenneth (1966) in Israel. DISEASE: Graminicola downy mildew; green ear of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides[Pennisetum glaucum]). A biotrophic plant pathogen which invades and colonizes the growing points of young graminaceous plants causing systemic disease. The first leaf to show symptoms is yellowed in the basal portion with a distinct margin between the basal colonized portion and the non colonized distal portion. Leaves formed later show increasing amounts of disease until the entire leaf shows symptoms. Under suitable conditions sporangia form in great profusion on the under surface of the diseased leaf (and, when conditions are favourable, also on the upper surface) forming a conspicuous and characteristic white 'down'. Occasionally discrete local lesions have been observed on otherwise healthy leaves in highly susceptible cultivars in W. Africa. The most distinctive appearance of the disease on pearl millet is, however, the transformation of the inflorescences to vegetative structures with various leaf-like protrusions which vary greatly in size and number from very few on an almost normal inflorescence to complete replacement of the inflorescence by small leafy shoots. As diseased organs mature they become necrotic and often contain oospores within the tissue. In pearl millet the leaves containing oospores do not shred. The areas containing oospores are a deep chocolate brown and usually appear as long stripes down the leaf. On Setaria the symptoms are similar to those observed on pearl millet except that shredding of the leaf tissue containing oospores occurs. In the phase of the disease described above the height of the infected plants differs little from that of healthy plants. Another and less frequent reaction is that the diseased plants are severely stunted, show a yellow mottle, with non-infected parts becoming a much darker green than in healthy plants; few sporangia are produced and no green ears for the plants generally do not head. This reaction is a characteristic response of certain host genotypes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 431, ed. 2, 1979. Note that the pearl millet pathotype has not been reported from the Americas. TRANSMISSION: Initial infection is by oospores which may remain viable for up to 10 years (Nene & Singh, 1976). Later infection comes from sporangia developing on early diseased leaves and spread by wind and rain to newly developed tillers which are produced throughout the growth of the plant (Singh & Williams, 1980). Seed transmission occurs from oospores carried with, and on, seed and there are conflicting reports of transmission from mycelium carried within seed (Williams, 1980).


2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-161
Author(s):  
R. S. Onabanjo ◽  
G. S. Ojewola ◽  
D. N. Onunkwo ◽  
O. O. Adedokun ◽  
E. U. Ewa ◽  
...  

The growing concern about the cost of feed ingredients, use of least cost feed formulation and maintenance of a reliable nutritional requirement for broiler birds irrespective of the season is almost compelling to look for alternatives. Thus, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens fed rice milling waste (RMW) as a replacement for maize. Chemical composition of rice milling waste was determined, while eleven experimental diets each were formulated to contain RMW as replacement for maize at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. Three hundred (300), 7-day-old chicks were allocated to the 11 dietary treatments each having 3 replicate pens with 10 birds per pen in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 6 weeks. Growth performance, carcass yield, organ proportions and economics of production were monitored. Data were subjected to ANOVA at P<0.05. The result from the chemical composition showed that rice milling waste has 89.84% dry matter, 10.80% crude protein and 24.09% crude fibre, while the gross energy was 3789 kcal/g, this showed that RMW is suitable as feed ingredient and as well would not hinder absorption and nutrient utilization. The result of the growth performance showed that broiler chickens fed 10% - 40% RMW had greater average daily weight gain (55.33g- 47.97g), reached a greater slaughter and carcass weight (1500g – 1650g) and were more feed efficient than broiler chicken of the other treatments (P<0.05 for each). In addition, from an economical point of view birds fed 10 - 40% were superior to the other treatments where the cost/kg weight gained (N292.21K – N315.96K) were lower than the remaining treatment groups. Thus, the inclusion of RMW in diet of broiler chickens as a replacement for maize improved nutrient utilization and economic value. It can therefore be recommended that RMW can be used to replace maize between 10% -40% in the diets of broiler chickens.     La préoccupation croissante au sujet du coût des ingrédients alimentaires, de l'utilisation de la formulation d'aliments pour animaux les moins coûteux et du maintien d'une exigence nutritionnelle fiable pour les oiseaux de gril, quelle que soit la saison, est presque convaincante pour chercher d'autres solutions. Ainsi, cette expérience a été menée pour évaluer la performance des poulets à griller nourris aux déchets de fraisage du riz (le 'RMW') comme remplacement du maïs. La composition chimique des déchets de fraisage du riz a été déterminée, tandis que onze régimes expérimentaux ont été formulés pour contenir le 'RMW' comme remplacement pour le maïs à 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% et 100%. Trois cents (300), poussins de 7 jours ont été alloués aux 11 traitements diététiques ayant chacun 3 stylos de répétition avec 10 oiseaux par stylo dans un design complètement randomisé (CRD). L'alimentation et l'eau ont été fournies ad libitum pendant 6 semaines. Les performances de croissance, le rendement de la carcasse, les proportions d'organes et l'économie de la production ont été surveillés. Les données ont été soumises à ANOVA (P<0.05) Le résultat de la composition chimique a montré que les déchets de fraisage du riz ont 89,84% de matière sèche, 10,80% de protéines brutes et 24,09% de fibres brutes, tandis que l'énergie brute était de 3789 kcal/g, ce qui a montré que le 'RMW' est approprié comme ingrédient d'alimentation et ainsi n'entraverait pas l'absorption et l'utilisation des nutriments. Le résultat de la performance de croissance a montré que les poulets a griller nourris 10% - 40% RMW avaient un gain de poids quotidien moyen plus élevé (55.33g- 47.97g), ont atteint un plus grand poids d'abattage et de carcasse (1500g - 1650g) et étaient plus économes en aliments pour des animaux que le poulet de gril des autres traitements (P<0.05 pour chacun). En outre, d'un point de vue économique, les oiseaux nourris de 10 à 40 % étaient supérieurs aux autres traitements où le coût/kg de poids gagné (N292.21 K – N315.96 K) était inférieur à celui des autres groupes de traitement. Ainsi, l'inclusion du RMW dans l'alimentation des poulets de poulet a griller comme remplacement du maïs a amélioré l'utilisation des nutriments et la valeur économique. Il peut donc être recommandé que le 'RMW' peut être utilisé pour remplacer le maïs entre 10% -40% dans les régimes des poulets à griller.


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