A 3D musculoskeletal model of the western lowland gorilla hind limb: moment arms and torque of the hip, knee and ankle

Muscles actuate movement by generating forces. The forces generated by muscles are highly dependent on their fibre lengths, yet it is difficult to measure the lengths over which muscle fibres operate during movement. We combined experimental measurements of joint angles and muscle activation patterns during walking with a musculoskeletal model that captures the relationships between muscle fibre lengths, joint angles and muscle activations for muscles of the lower limb. We used this musculoskeletal model to produce a simulation of muscle–tendon dynamics during walking and calculated fibre operating lengths (i.e. the length of muscle fibres relative to their optimal fibre length) for 17 lower limb muscles. Our results indicate that when musculotendon compliance is low, the muscle fibre operating length is determined predominantly by the joint angles and muscle moment arms. If musculotendon compliance is high, muscle fibre operating length is more dependent on activation level and force–length–velocity effects. We found that muscles operate on multiple limbs of the force–length curve (i.e. ascending, plateau and descending limbs) during the gait cycle, but are active within a smaller portion of their total operating range.

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An Automatic and Simplified Approach to Muscle Path Modelling

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4051870 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Claire Livet ◽

Theo Rouvier ◽

Georges Dumont ◽

Charles Pontonnier

Keyword(s):

Input Data ◽

Musculoskeletal Model ◽

Computational Time ◽

Computationally Efficient ◽

Simplified Approach ◽

Moment Arms ◽

Path Modelling ◽

Optimization Routine ◽

Musculoskeletal Simulations ◽

Relative Root

Abstract The current paper aims at proposing an automatic method to design and adjust simplified muscle paths of a musculoskeletal model. These muscle paths are composed of a limited set of via points and an optimization routine is developed to place these via points on the model in order to fit moment arms and musculotendon lengths input data. The method has been applied to a forearm musculoskeletal model extracted from the literature, using theoretical input data as an example. Results showed that for $75\%$ of the muscle set, the relative root mean square error was under $29.23\%$ for moment arms and of $1.09\%$ for musculotendon lengths with regard to the input data. These results confirm the ability of the method to automatically generate computationally efficient muscle paths for musculoskeletal simulations. Using only via points lowers computational expense compared to paths exhibiting wrapping objects. A proper balance between computational time and anatomical realism should be found to help those models being interpreted by practitioners.

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A Three-Dimensional Musculoskeletal Model of the Western Lowland Gorilla Foot: Examining Muscle Torques and Function

Folia Primatologica ◽

10.1159/000499653 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 90 (6) ◽

pp. 470-493

Author(s):

Colleen Goh ◽

Mary L. Blanchard ◽

Robin H. Crompton ◽

Michael M. Gunther ◽

Sophie Macaulay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Musculoskeletal Model ◽

Western Lowland Gorilla ◽

And Function ◽

Muscle Torques

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Muscle moment arms and sensitivity analysis of a mouse hindlimb musculoskeletal model

Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.1111/joa.12461 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 229 (4) ◽

pp. 514-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

James P. Charles ◽

Ornella Cappellari ◽

Andrew J. Spence ◽

Dominic J. Wells ◽

John R. Hutchinson

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Musculoskeletal Model ◽

Moment Arms

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Muscle moment arms of the gibbon hind limb: implications for hylobatid locomotion

Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01209.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 216 (4) ◽

pp. 446-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Anthony J. Channon ◽

Robin H. Crompton ◽

Michael M. Günther ◽

Evie E. Vereecke

Keyword(s):

Hind Limb ◽

Moment Arms

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Depression of Collateral Blood Flow Following Arterial Thrombosis

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1651903 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 38 (04) ◽

pp. 0850-0862 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert G. Schaub ◽

Ronald Sande ◽

Kenneth M. Meyers

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Arterial Thrombosis ◽

Hind Limb ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Collateral Blood Flow ◽

Serotonin Antagonist ◽

Limb Perfusion ◽

Clinical Consequences ◽

Collateral Vessels ◽

Iliac Bifurcation

SummaryPermanent ligation of the feline aorta at the iliac bifurcation is followed by rapid opening of pre-existing collateral blood vessels. However, if ligation is combined with formation of a clot, these protective collateral vessels do not function. This study was undertaken to determine if drugs which alter serotonin function can improve collateral blood flow after arterial thrombosis. Permanent ligations were placed at the iliac bifurcation, circumflex iliac and sixth lumbar arteries in all cats. A clot was produced in the aorta of 27 cats by injection of 0.1 ml of thromboplastin. Ligated clot-occluded cats were untreated (10); had blood serotonin depleted using a single dose of reserpine (0.1 mg/kg i. m.) followed by para-chlorophenylanine (p-CPA) (100 mg/kg orally) every 3 days (9) ; or were treated prior to surgery with a serotonin antagonist cinanserin HC1 (4 mg/kg i. v.) (8). Control cats (18) were acutely ligated. 9 of these cats were untreated, 5 were cinanserin HC1-treated, and 4 were reserpine/p-CPA-treated. Extent of collateral development was assessed by aortograms 3 days after occlusion and by neurologic rating. Aortograms of acutely ligated cats indicated a significant collateral blood flow around the segment of ligated aorta, while ligated clot-occluded cats had a severely depressed hind-limb perfusion. Reserpine/p-CPA-treated ligation clot-occluded cats had aortograms similar to acutely ligated cats. The cinanserin HC1-treated ligation clot-occluded cats had aortograms which indicated hind-limb perfusion was not as adequate as the acutely ligated cats. However, the perfusion of these animals was improved over untreated ligation clot-occluded cats. Neurologic rating correlated with aortograms. These results suggest: 1) the clinical consequences of arterial thrombosis cannot be entirely attributed to mechanical occlusion of an artery, but may be due to depression of protective collateral blood flow induced by thrombosis, 2) serotonin is an important factor in this depression of collateral blood flow, and 3) isolation of the factors responsible for collateral inhibition could permit the development of therapeutic interventions.

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