The variability in location of the most prominent points on the posterior torso of those without abnormal surface topography, those with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and those with Scheuermann's Kyphosis: a seven year longitudinal analysis

Purpose: Formetric 4D dynamic system (F4D) is a radiation-free imaging system that can be used to detect static and dynamic back contour in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The aim of this paper is (1) to compare the F4D to other systems; (2) to review the correlation of spinal measurements taken by F4D with those taken by radiographs as well as the reproducibility of the F4D; (3) to present future clinical uses and suggest potential research studies utilizing F4D. Methods: MEDLINE (PubMed), ScienceDIRECT, SCOPUS, Cochrane, and Web of Science were queried for studies on AIS using surface topography. Papers were evaluated using PRISMA criteria. Results: Correlations between scoliosis angle as measured by F4D and Cobb angle by radiographs are from 0.7 to 0.872 in the thoracic spine and from 0.5 to 0.758 in the lumbar spine. The intraday reliability of F4D measurements by the same observer ranged from 0.65 to 0.996 across two studies. The study that evaluated reproducibility of F4D when segmented by patients with BMI below and above 24.99 kg/m2 found that the reproducibility was 0.990 and 0.995, respectively. There is potential for using F4D as a screening tool for scoliosis using an algorithm with 92% sensitivity and 74% specificity. Conclusions: F4D as a surface topography machine has great potential in screening and monitoring progression of the curvatures of AIS.

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Quality of Life Improvement Following Surgery for Scheuermann’s Kyphosis Compared to Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

The Spine Journal ◽

10.1016/j.spinee.2013.07.117 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. S36

Author(s):

Baron S. Lonner ◽

Courtney Toombs ◽

Suken A. Shah ◽

Patrick J. Cahill ◽

Burt Yaszay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Scheuermann’S Kyphosis ◽

Life Improvement

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Imaging in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Children with Idiopathic Scoliosis

The Open Orthopaedics Journal ◽

10.2174/1874325001711011500 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1500-1520 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Shu-Yan Ng ◽

Josette Bettany-Saltikov

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Cobb Angle ◽

Surface Topography ◽

3D Ultrasound ◽

Radiation Hazard ◽

Technical Limitation ◽

Imaging Methods ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

Spine Radiograph

The paper reviews the current imaging methods in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Radiography is generally used in the initial diagnosis of the condition. Postero-anterior erect full spine radiograph is generally prescribed, and is supplemented by lateral full spine radiograph when indicated. To reduce the radiation hazard, only the area of interest should be exposed, and follow-up radiographs should be taken with as few projections as possible. When available, EOS®stereoradiography should be used. The radiation of the microdose protocol is 45 times less than that of the conventional radiography. Surface topography offers another approach to monitoring changes of curvatures in AIS patients. Recently, 3D ultrasound has been found to be able to measure the Cobb angle accurately. Yet, it is still in the early developmental stages. The inherent intrinsic and external limitations of the imaging system need to be resolved before it can be widely used clinically. For AIS patients with atypical presentation, computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be required to assess for any underlying pathology. As CT is associated with a high radiation dose, it is playing a diminishing role in the management of scoliosis, and is replaced by MRI, which is also used for pre-operative planning of scoliosis.The different imaging methods have their limitations. The EOS®stereoradiography is expensive and is not commonly available. The surface topography does not enable measurement of Cobb angle, particularly when the patient is in-brace. The 3D ultrasound scanning has inherent intrinsic technical limitation and cannot be used in all subjects. Radiography, however, enables diagnosis and monitoring of the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). It is thus the gold standard in the evaluation and management of scoliosis curves.

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Examination of the breast asymmetry associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using surface topography methods

Scoliosis ◽

10.1186/1748-7161-8-s2-o39 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (S2) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Trovato ◽

Amin Komeili ◽

Lindsey Westover ◽

Eric Parent ◽

Marc Moreau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Surface Topography ◽

Breast Asymmetry

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Effect of adjunct thoracoplasty on Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis patients’ 3D back contour

Studies in Health Technology and Informatics - Research into Spinal Deformities 9 ◽

10.3233/shti210440 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

J Horng ◽

XC Liu ◽

J Thometz ◽

C Tassone

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽

Surface Topography ◽

Spinal Fusion ◽

Spinal Instrumentation ◽

Pedicle Screws ◽

Posterior Spinal Fusion ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Unit Reduction ◽

Trunk Asymmetry

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of a thoracoplasty procedure in addition to a posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation on an Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) patient’s 3D back contour as measured by surface topography. We performed a retrospective review to identify patients who were treated with posterior spinal fusion with spinal instrumentation and those who were treated with an additional thoracoplasty procedure. We analyzed changes in surface topography measurements between these two groups using t-test and ANCOVA statistical analyses. Although there were no statistically significant differences in 11 of 12 variables, thoracoplasty-posterior spinal fusion (n=10) group had a mean 6.6 unit reduction in trunk asymmetry while the posterior spinal fusion group (n=26) had a mean 22.8 unit reduction in trunk asymmetry (p-value<0.05). The posterior spinal fusion group and thoracoplasty-posterior spinal fusion group were not shown to have clinically significant differences in 3D back contour correction. An additional thoracoplasty procedure does not provide better correction in the transverse plane and in fact had a smaller degree of trunk asymmetry correction. This supports the current trends of decreasing use of thoracoplasty in AIS patients to address severe rib hump deformities given concerns for decreased post-operative lung function and alternative methods of vertebral body derotation, such as thoracic pedicle screws.

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