The true historical invention of modern Jewish nationalism was the result of an internal development within the Jewish Enlightenment movement known as the Haskalah. The Haskalah began in Germany in the mid-eighteenth century under the aegis of Moses Mendelssohn, one of the most formidable philosophers of his age. “Modern Jewish Nationalism, 1872–1897” outlines early Jewish nationalist ideology including Peretz Smolenskin’s periodical Ha-Shahar (The dawn), founded in 1868; Russian Jews Moshe Leib Lilienblum and Eliezer Ben-Yehuda; Leon Pinsker; the Alliance Israélite Universelle, set up to improve the conditions of the Jews around the world; and the movements Bilu and Love of Zion that set up agricultural communities in Palestine.
Communism, Christianity, and Translating Russian Jews: Liudmila Ulitskaia's Daniel Stein and Aleksandr Meilakhs's Bentsion Shamir
