First Migration of Peoples and Zarubinets Culture

The article is devoted to one event in ancient history, called ‘The First Migration of Peoples,’ which was studied and commented on many times when the Germanic tribes Cimbri and Teutons carried out many years of displacement in the space of Central Europe. Despite their defeat by Rome, this event caused a powerful movement of other tribes, especially towards Eastern Europe, where many new archaeological cultures were formed. Among them, a special place is occupied by the Zarubinets culture and its part in the history of Eastern Europe. The purpose of the study is to determine the place of Zarubinets culture in the history of eastern Europe. The research methodology consists in the use of general scientific, special and interdisciplinary methods. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the Zarubinets culture of Eastern Europe is considered against the background of the Western European tribe’s movement due to Roman expansion. Conclusions. The question of the Zarubinets culture's origin is still debatable. Now there is no particular objection to the opinion that the genesis of Zarubinets culture was a complex process that reflected the peculiarities of both the internal development of the local population and the effects of external circumstances, reflecting the movement of tribes in the Center for Europe.

“Our migrant” and “the other migrant”: migration discourse in the Albanian media, 2015–2018

The expansion of research on migration over recent decades has neglected sending and transit countries. Whether in terms of their internal development, their diaspora policy, their shift from primarily sending countries to (potential) transit or destination countries, or the issue of return migration and reintegration into home societies – all these topics deserve further exploration. This paper seeks to redress this by examining Albania, a sending country with almost a third of its population living externally, and which is recently shifting to a transit and potential destination country. Media discourse on migration was analysed, recalling its power to reflect as well as shape public opinion. Employing a quantitative approach, media discourse on migrants from 2015 to 2018 was examined. Some 55 web-based media were identified, along with twenty TV channels, 61 TV programs, and 317 articles. A qualitative analysis was then used to detect the tone of the discourse and gain a deeper understanding of the messages conveyed. Results showed that migration from the perspective of a sending country has dominated Albanian media discourse over the monitoring period. Major identified issues include: migration and demographic challenges, migration and multiculturalism in societies receiving Albanian migrants, and asylum seeking as a recent trend in Albanian emigration often standing in the way of potential Albanian EU membership. The regional migration “crisis” and the potential of Albania becoming a transit or destination country for refugees has only gained limited attention. The binary of “our migrant” versus “the other migrant” became a key distinction.

Russian Foreign Policy: Three Historical Stages and Two Future Scenarios

There have been several stages in Russia’s foreign policy since 1991. From a naive and idealistic pro-Western course, to ‘getting up from its knees’, to asserting itself as an independent great power. Around 2018, this trajectory reached a plateau, with the potential for decline. Since then, Russia and the world began to face fresh challenges and an almost qualitatively different environment. Even before the start of the epidemic in 2020, it was clear that Russia required a new foreign policy, built on what had been achieved in previous decades, but geared towards the future. This would include a strong ideology, focus on internal growth and development, and the development a streamlined and more cost-effective approach to foreign policy to adjust to a more turbulent and chaotic external environment. Despite growing international chaos and unpredictability, two scenarios for Russian foreign policy are surfacing. An optimistic one in which Russia successfully adapts to these changing circumstances, and a less optimistic one where it continues its current course of internal development, failing to live up to its full potential, but nevertheless still retaining the ability to play an independent and significant role in world affairs.

Internal Relationship between Education on Cultural Confidence and Cultural Consciousness

Education on cultural confidence is the main way to strengthen one’s cultural confidence while cultural consciousness constitutes a base for cultural confidence. The two would be unified in the process of strengthening cultural confidence. Therefore, there is a logical relationship between them. In order to understand the relationship between education on cultural confidence and cultural consciousness, one needs to have a correct understanding of the scientific connotation of the two and a clear picture that education on cultural confidence would ensure that one would be kept steadfast in cultural consciousness because it does not only establish attitudes in cultural conscious cognition but also act as a guide for internal development.

A személy- és vagyonőrök objektumspecifikus fejlesztési terve (IDPS) MOP-kiterjesztéssel

A személy- és vagyonőrök szerepe a magánbiztonságban, közös, szubjektív biztonságérzetünk megteremtésében és fenntartásában vitathatatlan. A személy- és vagyonőrök formális képzését követően is szükség van ismereteik folyamatos bővítésére és frissítésére. Ennek irányulnia kell a jogi környezet változásának nyomon követésére, a munkavégzésük során használt technikai újdonságok használatára, a munka- és tűzvédelmi tevékenységek és eszközök ismeretére és alkalmazására. A munkakörre jellemző fluktuáció ugyanakkor megnehezíti, sokszor ellehetetleníti azt az elengedhetetlenül szükséges tudástranszfert, amely egyes objektumok, speciális létesítmények, önálló munkavégzési helyszínek és munkakörök ellátásához szükséges lenne. Erre az igényre válaszul fogalmazta meg a szerző Szabó Anikó a Személy- és Vagyonőrök Objektumspecifikus Fejlesztési Tervét (Internal Development Plan for Security Guards – IDPS), amely rugalmas, modulrendszerű belső képzési megoldást kínál a szakma képviselőinek a problémára. A képzési terv integráltan tartalmazza kommunikációs moduljának részeként a Kovács Éva által alkalmazott Feladatorientált Felkészítés (Mission Oriented Preparation – MOP) módszereit is.

The Transformation of Analytical Centers as an Element of Chinese “Soft Power” in the 2010–2020

Transformations in China’s cultural and ideological narrative since the 2010s have required the establishment of specific Chinese “think tanks of a new type,” which are formally institutionalized in Chinese legislation. In the initial period of their development (2013–2018), thinktanks were tasked with becoming a significant “soft power” tool to promote and explain key political and economic ideas, including Xi Jinping’s initiatives, so say to “reconceptualize” official ideas at the expert and analytical level and translate Chinese ideological initiatives language into the generally accepted language of expert discussion. However, since 2019–2020, being challenged by creating an anti-Chinese alliance, think-tanks were required to carry out not only expert-analytical work but also to develop draft decisions on critical issues of external and internal development. China’s political leaders seek to create a new type of analytical culture, stimulating the development of new types of centers and completely transforming the old ones. Of the four types of centers – governmental, academic, university, and public (non-governmental) – the governmental and public centers have proved the most effective. In contrast, the centers that grew out of academic institutions and university structures have been criticized for being slow and impractical in their judgments. At the same time, a number of public analytical centers have grown into giant corporations: today, they have branches in dozens of Chinese cities and abroad, maintain ties with Chinese Huaqiao, and advise the country’s authorities on crucial issues of political and economic development.

«Reform, reformation and replenishment of the Church»: Historical and analytical review of A.V. Kartashev's treatise

Предмет исследования – сочинение А.В. Карташева «Реформа, реформация и исполнение Церкви», его речь 1916 г. в Петербургском религиозно-философском обществе о «внешнем» и «внутреннем» развитии Русской Церкви в преддверии Февральской революции. ПРФО было попыткой вернуться к Петербургским религиозно-фило-софским собраниям (1901–1903), на которых религиозная интеллигенция выдвинула Церкви предложения по церковной реформе и начала религиозное движение. Его задачей была пропаганда нового религиозного сознания (НРС), воцерковление культуры как фактора обожения человека. Церковь призвали изменить отношение к «пло-ти» и слиться с общественной жизнью религиозно. Считается, что трактат направлен против церковной реформации. Реконструкция его содержания в доктринальной системе НРС показывает, что Карташев в 1916 г. верен своим взглядам начала века. The subject of the research is the work of A.V. Kartashev «Reform, reformation and replenishment of the Church». This is Kartashev's speech at the St. Petersburg religious and philosophical society (1907–1917) about the «external» and «internal» development of the Russian Church on the eve of The February bourgeois-democratic revolution. PRFO was an attempt to return to the St. Petersburg religious and philosophical meetings (1901–1903), at which the religious intelligentsia in the context of the historical modernization of the country put forward proposals for Church reform to the Church and started a religious movement. Its task was to promote a new religious consciousness (NRC), and to establish culture as a factor of human deification. The Church was called to change its attitude to the «flesh» and merge with public life religiously. It is believed that in the treatise Kartashev opposed the Church reformation in Russia. Reconstruction of the content of the treatise in the doctrinal system of the NRC shows that Kartashev in 1916 was true to his views of the beginning of the century.

Exploration of the Research-Based “New Basic Education” Experiment by Lan Ye

“New Basic Education” as a localized strategy in China was produced during the social transformation. It aims to stimulate the internal development motivation of schools, principals, and teachers and promote the upgrading and transformation of classrooms and schools. To get through theory and practice connection, taking root in schools, doing “ground-based” research, and exploring a new path for the ecological growth of regional school groups. Starting from the background of the “new basic education” research, this paper elaborates the content, history, ideological system, and influence. It hopes to provide a more comprehensive and objective overview of the “new basic education” research to inspire most educators. Help everyone explore the practical way to improve the quality of education.

Fully Remote Software Development Due to COVID Factor

The internal transformation and using the fully remote software development under the influence of the pandemic has not only changed the industry, but heralded the construction of a new reality. This article presents the results of a study that covered the experience of transformation of 26 project teams from the world's leading IT corporations, software vendors, and high-tech companies with strong internal development practices: Alphabet, Amazon, BSC Group, Custis, Deutsche Bank, Evernote, Exness, Positive Technologies, PromSvyazBank, Sberbank, VTB, Yandex. Experts determined the results of rapid adaptation to changes, considered the medium-term impact of the pandemic factor on work processes, and made forecasts for 2021. The results of the study are accompanied by brief comments and recommendations of the author, the main idea of which is the need to quickly understand a new trend in software development, hiring specialists, and organizing teams associated with the refusal of high-tech IT companies to return to teamwork in shared offices.

Inventing a Prosthetic Bourgeoisie: Romania and the Aromanians, 1848–1906

The present article focuses on the period between 1848 and 1906—between the politicized “discovery” of Balkan Aromanians as a kinfolk by Romanian nation-state builders and the aftermath of the community’s recognition by the Ottoman government. Examining how Romania imagined its own entanglement in the Macedonian Question, the article aims to raise the broader question of how a nation-state imagined the agency of kinfolk beyond its borders and, as part of a geographically distributed national division of labor, ascribed a specific task to one part of its ethnic body. In Romania’s case, this had a double thrust. One, Aromanians were imagined as the natural bourgeoisie of the southern Balkans, a people superior in their origins, culture, and mores to other ethnic groups—and a natural vanguard for Romania’s economic interests in the region. Two, they were imagined as a vanguard for catalyzing the internal development of a native merchant class in Romania proper, which was understood as a primary agent for economic and social progress but perceived to be problematically absent. Thus, this study hones in on the process of ascribing the status of a “prosthetic bourgeoisie” to the Aromanians, and its insistent discursive recurrence.