Fire–Flame Imaging Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruzairi Abdul Rahim ◽  
Kok Seong Chan ◽  
Sallehudin Ibrahim ◽  
Shaharum Sulaiman ◽  
Mohamad Shukri Abdul Manaf
Keyword(s):  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Visual Basic ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fire Flame ◽  
Linear Back Projection ◽  
Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Visual Basic 6.0

Ciri–ciri sifat pengukuran tomografik yang khusus telah terbukti dengan keupayaannya untuk memisit keadaan dinamik suatu proses dalam satu unit pengoperasian seperti dalam kebuk atau alat pengangkut tanpa memberi sebarang gangguan kepada proses tersebut. Proses Tomografi Kapasitan (Electrical Capacitance Tomography–ECT) merupakan teknik tidak intrusif untuk mengetahui taburan kandungan dalam paip dengan mengkaji perubahan ketelusan dielektrik bagi bahan yang terkandung dalam paip. Satu pengesan ECT 8 elektrod dengan pengaturcaraannya dalam Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 telah dibinakan untuk menunjukkan paparan pengguna. Sistem ini berupaya mengetahui pembahagian api yang terbakar dalam sesuatu perkakas. Data daripada sistem perkakas akan diperolehi melalui satu unit pengawal dan dimasukkan dalam komputer untuk mendapatkan gambaran keratan rentas pembakaran api. Algoritma pembinaan semula imej (Image Reconstruction Algorithm) yang digunakan dalam projek ini adalah Unjuran Belakang Linear (Linear Back Projection LBP) yang konvensional tetapi efektif. Kata kunci: Proses Tomografi Kapasitan, pembahagian api yang terbakar, Unjuran Belakang Linear, tidak intrusif, Visual Basic The specific characteristic of tomographic measurement is its proven ability to interrogate the dynamic state of a process condition within a unit operation such as a mixing vessel or conveyor without interfering with the process itself. This is achieved using noninvasive sensors along a cross–sectional boundary of the process equipment. Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) is a non–intrusive technique for obtaining information about the distribution of the contents of closed pipes by measuring variations in the dielectric permittivity of the material within the electrodes sensing region. An 8 electrode ECT sensor system with a graphical user interfacing (GUI) software programming has been developed by using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. This system can be used to investigate the distribution of fire flame inside the vessel. Data from the hardware system can be acquired directly to computer through a microcontroller control unit to provide the cross sectional image of the fire flame. Image reconstruction algorithm used in this project is the conventional, but effective Linear Back Projection (LBP). Key words: Electrical Capacitance Tomography, fire flame, Linear Back Projection, nonintrusive, Visual Basic

scholarly journals Electrical capacitance tomography two-phase oil-gas pipe flow imaging by the linear back-projection algorithm

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-273
Author(s):  
J. C. Gamio ◽  
C. Ortíz-Alemán ◽  
R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Pipe Flow ◽  
Projection Algorithm ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Flow Imaging ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Linear Back Projection ◽  
Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Oil Gas

La Tomografía de Capacitancia Eléctrica (TCE) es una nueva tecnología capaz de lidiar con la complejidad de la medición de flujos bifásicos de gas-aceite, derivando la distribución de componentes en dos planos adyacentes a lo largo de un ducto. Una de sus aplicaciones más prometedoras es la visualización de flujos de gas y aceite. TCE ofrece algunas ventajas sobre otras modalidades tomográficas: no hay radiación, una respuesta rápida, bajo costo, es una técnica no intrusiva y no invasiva, y la posibilidad de operar con altas temperaturas y altas presiones. El método denominado "linear back-projection (LBP)" es una de las técnicas más populares que se emplean en la reconstrucción de imágenes a partir de datos de tomografía de capacitancia eléctrica. A pesar de su pobre exactitud, es un procedimiento simple y rápido capaz de operar en tiempo real en muchas aplicaciones y ha permanecido como una opción muy popular. Sin embargo, desde que fue propuesto por vez primera ha carecido de un suporte formal, en el contexto de esta aplicación. Su única justificación radica en que es una adaptación de un método comúnmente empleado en la tomografía médica de rayos X, así como en el hecho de que produce imágenes útiles (aunque sólo "cualitativamente" buenas). En este trabajo se presenta una forma ilustrativa de interpretar el método LBP. Se muestra cómo el método LBP está basado en la linealización de una forma normalizada del problema directo. Más específicamente, el problema directo normalizado se aproxima mediante una serie de hiperplanos. La matriz de reconstrucción utilizada en el método LBP resulta ser una transpuesta "ponderada" del operador lineal (matriz) que define el problema directo normalizado. Los renglones de esta última matriz contienen la información de los mapas de sensitividades empleados en el método LBP.

scholarly journals Towards 3D-Electrical Capacitance Tomography for Interface Detection

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Clark ◽  
Giuseppe Forte ◽  
Mark J. H. Simmons ◽  
E. Hugh Stitt
Keyword(s):  
Binary Systems ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Conductive Material ◽  
Linear Back Projection ◽  
Capacitance Tomography

The application of three-dimensional electrical capacitance tomography (3D-ECT) for the in situ monitoring of a hard boundary or interface has been investigated using imaged phantoms that simulate real-life processes. A cylinder-in-tube phantom manufactured from polyethylene (PE), a low di-electric and non-conductive material, was imaged using the linear back projection (LBP) algorithm with the larger tube immersed at varying intervals to test the ability of the technique to image interfaces axially through the sensor. The interface between PE and air is clearly imaged and correlates to the known tube penetration within the sensor. The cylinder phantom is imaged in the centre of the sensor; however, the reduction in measurement density towards the centre of the ECT sensor results in reduced accuracy. A thresholding method, previously applied to binary systems to improve the imaged accuracy of a hard boundary between two separate phases, has been applied to the 3D-ECT tomograms that represent the PE phantom. This approach has been shown to improve the accuracy of the acquired image of a cylinder of air within a non-conductive PE tube.

Image Fusion of ECT/ERT for Oil-Gas-Water Three-Phase Flow

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Image Fusion ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Three Phase Flow ◽  
Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Image Fusion Method

The tomographic imaging of process parameters for oil-gas-water three-phase flow can be obtained through different sensing modalities, such as electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), both of which are sensitive to specific properties of the objects to be imaged. However, it is hard to discriminate oil, gas and water phases merely from reconstructed images of ERT or ECT. In this paper, the feasibility of image fusion based on ERT and ECT reconstructed images was investigated for oil-gas-water three-phase flow. Two cases were discussed and pixel-based image fusion method was presented. Simulation results showed that the cross-sectional reconstruction images of oil-gas-water three-phase flow can be obtained using the presented methods.

Electrical Capacitance Tomography Based Sorting Technique for Wasted Plastics

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Hirose ◽  
Kazuaki Hata ◽  
Sapkota Achyut ◽  
Masahiro Takei
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Relative Permittivity ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sorting Technique ◽  
The Many ◽  
Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Temperature Equation

This study has launched a concept to measure real time two-dimensional temperature distribution non-invasively by a combination of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) technique and a permittivity-temperature equation for plastic pellets. The concept has two steps which are the relative permittivity calculation from the measured capacitance among the many electrodes by ECT technique, and the temperature distribution calculation from the relative permittivity distribution by permittivity-temperature equation. ECT sensor with 12-electrode is designed to measure and visualize the cross sectional temperature distribution during polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pellets cooling process. The images of the normalized relative permittivity distribution are successfully reconstructed at every time step during the process. The images indicate that the normalized relative permittivity of PMMA pellets is decreased as the temperature is decreased.

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