Vowel constriction effects on the perception of F 1 offset and vowel duration cues for word final stop consonant voicing

Rebecca M. Fischer; Ralph N. Ohde

doi:10.1121/1.2022940

Developmental Use of Vowel Duration as a Cue to Postvocalic Stop Consonant Voicing

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.2503.388 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 388-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sue Ellen Krause

Keyword(s):

Significant Interaction ◽

Stop Consonant ◽

Developmental Study ◽

Vowel Duration ◽

Production Experiment ◽

Normal Language ◽

Vowel Lengthening ◽

Consonant Voicing

This developmental study investigated vowel duration as a cue to postvocalic consonant voicing. Ten trials of six test words, spoken by 10 3-year-olds, 10 6-year-olds, and 10 adults, all with normal language and articulation and hearing, were analyzed. A significant interaction between the speaker's age and the voicing feature of the postvocalic consonant was found on measures of total vowel duration. The duration of vowels preceding voiceless stops was similar across ages, but vowel duration preceding voiced stops decreased sharply with age. In addition, decreased variability of vowel duration was observed with increasing age. Consideration is given to processes of exaggerated vowel lengthening and vowel shortening to describe children's acquisition of this voicing cue. The same subjects and stimulus words used in the production experiment were used in a previous perception experiment. Qualitative comparisons between the production and perception data revealed parallel refinement in the use of vowel duration as a function of age.

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Conflicting and Cooperating Cues

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.3202.307 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 307-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Rebecca Eilers ◽

D. K. Oller ◽

Richard Urbano ◽

Debra Moroff

Keyword(s):

Stop Consonant ◽

Vowel Duration ◽

Extended Duration ◽

Infant Perception ◽

Relative Salience ◽

Consonant Voicing

Three experiments were conducted to ascertain the relative salience of two cues for final consonant voicing in infants and adults. Experiment 1 was designed to investigate infant perception of periodicity of burst, vowel duration, and the two cues combined in a cooperating pattern. Experiment 2 was designed to examine infant perception of these same cues but in a conflicting pattern, that is, with extended duration associated with the voiceless final plosive. Experiment 3 examined perception of the stimuli from Experiments 1 and 2 with adult subjects. Results indicate that in both adults and infants combined cues facilitate discrimination of the phonemic contrast regardless of whether the cues cooperate or conflict. The three experiments taken together do not support a phonetic interpretation of conflicting/cooperating cues for the perception of final stop consonant voicing. Potential psychoacoustic explanations are discussed.

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Effects of age and experience on the production of English word-final stops by Korean speakers

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s136672890999006x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 263-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

WENDY BAKER

Keyword(s):

Stop Consonant ◽

Age Of Acquisition ◽

Native English Speakers ◽

English Word ◽

Perceptual Judgment ◽

English Speakers ◽

Vowel Duration ◽

Closure Duration ◽

Monosyllabic Words ◽

Consonant Voicing

This study examined the effect of second language (L2) age of acquisition and amount of experience on the production of word-final stop consonant voicing by adult native Korean learners of English. Thirty learners, who differed in amount of L2 experience and age of L2 exposure, and 10 native English speakers produced 8 English monosyllabic words ending in voiced and voiceless stops. These productions were presented to 10 English listeners for perceptual judgment and subjected to acoustic analyses to determine how well learners produced vowel duration and closure (stop gap) duration, two cues to stop consonant voicing. Results revealed that even learners with 10 years of L2 experience did not always produce stop consonant voicing accurately, that learners' age of acquisition influenced their production of both cues, that vowel duration was easier to learn than closure duration, and that English listeners used both these cues in their judgments of production accuracy.

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Lip and Jaw Kinematics in Bilabial Stop Consonant Production

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jslhr.4004.877 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 877-893 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Anders Löfqvist ◽

Vincent L. Gracco

Keyword(s):

Control Strategy ◽

High Velocity ◽

Stop Consonant ◽

Movement Variability ◽

Upper Lip ◽

Lower Lip ◽

Vowel Context ◽

Virtual Target ◽

Contextual Variability ◽

Consonant Voicing

This paper reports two experiments, each designed to clarify different aspects of bilabial stop consonant production. The first one examined events during the labial closure using kinematic recordings in combination with records of oral air pressure and force of labial contact. The results of this experiment suggested that the lips were moving at a high velocity when the oral closure occurred. They also indicated mechanical interactions between the lips during the closure, including tissue compression and the lower lip moving the upper lip upward. The second experiment studied patterns of upper and lower lip interactions, movement variability within and across speakers, and the effects on lip and jaw kinematics of stop consonant voicing and vowel context. Again, the results showed that the lips were moving at a high velocity at the onset of the oral closure. No consistent influences of stop consonant voicing were observed on lip and jaw kinematics in five subjects, nor on a derived measure of lip aperture. The overall results are compatible with the hypothesis that one target for the lips in bilabial stop production is a region of negative lip aperture. A negative lip aperture implies that to reach their virtual target, the lips would have to move beyond each other. Such a control strategy would ensure that the lips will form an air tight seal irrespective of any contextual variability in the onset positions of their closing movements.

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On the naturalness of stop consonant voicing

Journal of Linguistics ◽

10.1017/s0022226700010598 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 145-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

John R. Westbury ◽

Patricia A. Keating

Keyword(s):

Stop Consonant ◽

Formal Theory ◽

Linguistic Theory ◽

The World ◽

Articulatory Features ◽

Consonant Voicing

A long recognized problem for linguistic theory has been to explain why certain sounds, sound oppositions, and sound sequences are statistically preferred over others among languages of the world. The formal theory of markedness, developed by Trubetzkoy and Jakobson in the early 1930's, and extended by Chomsky and Halle (1968), represents an attempt to deal with this problem. It is at least implicit in that theory that sounds are rare when (and because) they are marked, and common when (and because) they are not. Whether sounds are marked or unmarked depends – in the latter version of the theory, particularly – upon the ‘intrinsic content’ of acoustic and articulatory features which define them. There was, however, no substantive attempt among early proponents of the theory to show what it was about the content of particular features and feature combinations that caused them to be marked, and others not.

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