Contribution of spectra of input signals to two ears to sound localization in the sagittal plane

1999 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 2237-2237
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Iida ◽  
Eigo Rin ◽  
Yasuko Kuroki ◽  
Masayuki Morimoto
Keyword(s):  
Sound Localization ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Input Signals

Sound localization in the median sagittal plane by hearing impaired listeners

1995 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 3346-3347
Author(s):  
Brad Rakerd ◽  
Timothy J. Vander Velde ◽  
William Morris Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Sound Localization ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Hearing Impaired

Receptive Fields and Binaural Interactions for Virtual-Space Stimuli in the Cat Inferior Colliculus

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 2833-2851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Delgutte ◽  
Philip X. Joris ◽  
Ruth Y. Litovsky ◽  
Tom C. T. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Acoustic Cues

Receptive fields and binaural interactions for virtual-space stimuli in the cat inferior colliculus. Sound localization depends on multiple acoustic cues such as interaural differences in time (ITD) and level (ILD) and spectral features introduced by the pinnae. Although many neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) are sensitive to the direction of sound sources in free field, the acoustic cues underlying this sensitivity are unknown. To approach this question, we recorded the responses of IC cells in anesthetized cats to virtual space (VS) stimuli synthesized by filtering noise through head-related transfer functions measured in one cat. These stimuli not only possess natural combinations of ITD, ILD, and spectral cues as in free field but also allow precise control over each cue. VS receptive fields were measured in the horizontal and median vertical planes. The vast majority of cells were sensitive to the azimuth of VS stimuli in the horizontal plane for low to moderate stimulus levels. Two-thirds showed a “contra-preference” receptive field, with a vigorous response on the contralateral side of an edge azimuth. The other third of receptive fields were tuned around a best azimuth. Although edge azimuths of contra-preference cells had a broad distribution, best azimuths of tuned cells were near the midline. About half the cells tested were sensitive to the elevation of VS stimuli along the median sagittal plane by showing either a peak or a trough at a particular elevation. In general receptive fields for VS stimuli were similar to those found in free-field studies of IC neurons, suggesting that VS stimulation provided the essential cues for sound localization. Binaural interactions for VS stimuli were studied by comparing responses to binaural stimulation with responses to monaural stimulation of the contralateral ear. A majority of cells showed either purely inhibitory (BI) or mixed facilitatory/inhibitory (BF&I) interactions. Others showed purely facilitatory (BF) or no interactions (monaural). Binaural interactions were correlated with azimuth sensitivity: most contra-preference cells had either BI or BF&I interactions, whereas tuned cells were usually BF. These correlations demonstrate the importance of binaural interactions for azimuth sensitivity. Nevertheless most monaural cells were azimuth-sensitive, suggesting that monaural cues also play a role. These results suggest that the azimuth of a high-frequency sound source is coded primarily by edges in azimuth receptive fields of a population of ILD-sensitive cells.

Secondary Fractures Following Internal Fixation in Two Horses

1989 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 125-128
Author(s):  
E. M. Gaughan ◽  
N. G. Duchar
Keyword(s):  
Internal Fixation ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Fracture Repair ◽  
Fracture Line ◽  
Carpal Bone ◽  
Fracture Plane ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lag Screw ◽  
Secondary Fractures

SummaryImplant associated fractures have not been reported in horses. Two horses were evaluated for fractures in the fore limbs, occurring subsequent to previous fracture repair. Previously, the horses had sustained fractures of unusual configurations which were repaired using internal fixation. Following repair and healing of the fractures, secondary fractures occurred in the same bone, but in a different (more common) configuration. The first horse was evaluated ten months following lag screw fixation of a longitudinal fracture of the proximal phalanx in a frontal plane. This horse presented with a more typical comminuted fracture in the sagittal plane with the screws from the first fixation lying in the fracture line. This fracture was successfully treated with a cast. The second horse was examined eightteen months after repair of a medial sagittal slab fracture of the third carpal bone. The horse presented with a more typical dorsal slab fracture of the third carpal bone with the previously placed lag screw lying in the fracture line. The screw was removed and a lag screw was placed perpendicular to the new fracture plane through the dorsal surface of the third carpal bone to repair the fracture.

A Delta-Sigma Modulator Using a Non-uniform Quantizer Adjusted for the Probability Density of Input Signals

2012 ◽  
Vol E95.B (7) ◽  
pp. 2257-2265
Author(s):  
Toru KITAYABU ◽  
Mao HAGIWARA ◽  
Hiroyasu ISHIKAWA ◽  
Hiroshi SHIRAI
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Delta Sigma Modulator ◽  
Delta Sigma ◽  
Input Signals
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