Based on in situ observations, six episodes of near-inertial internal waves (NIWs) were detected on the East China Sea (ECS) continental slope, and the mechanisms and characteristics of them were examined. The generation mechanisms of the observed NIWs included typhoon, wind burst, lateral propagation, and energy transfer from low-frequency flow. The depth-integrated near-inertial kinetic energy (NIKE) showed no significant seasonal variation, and the annual mean NIKE and near-inertial currents were 400 J/m2 and 3.50 cm/s, respectively. Downward propagation of NIKE was evident in the small wavenumber band according to the rotary vertical wavenumber spectra. The NIKE was subsurface-intensified, and the near-inertial vertical shear reached 0.01 s−1. The vertical phase speeds of the NIWs ranged from 5 to 19 m/h. The frequencies of the NIWs were mostly red-shifted, however, blue-shift also existed. One episode had both blue- and red-shifted frequencies vertically, and had both upward and downward propagating vertical phase speeds. The e-folding times of the observed NIWs ranged from 4 to 11 days, which were influenced by successive wind bursts and background vorticity. On the left-hand side of Kuroshio, the background vorticity is usually positive; however, the NIWs were almost red-shifted, which resulted from the Doppler shift of the Kuroshio.
Episodes of nonlinear internal waves in the northern East China Sea
