During evaluations of the ecophysiological adaptations of floating and submerged leaves of Potamogeton nodosus Poir, investigations were carried to assess their antioxidant status. Floating leaves possessed a significantly higher level of C skeletons per unit of area compared with submerged leaves as they possessed greater PSI and PSII activity (hence had superior potential to harness absorbed light energy and generate assimilatory power) and carboxylase activity of Rubisco (hence superior potential to fix CO2) compared with the latter. Interestingly, submerged leaves possessed ~2 times higher H2O2 levels compared with floating leaves. In contrast, the activity of all antioxidant enzymes tested (catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase) were significantly higher in floating leaves than in submerged leaves. Amazingly, catalase activity (a H2O2 detoxifying enzyme) was over fourfold higher in floating leaves than in submerged leaves. Among the nonenzymatic antioxidants, although levels of phenolics, ascorbate and thiols did not vary significantly between floating and submerged leaves, the level of total carotenoids was significantly higher in the former than the latter. In summary, floating leaves possess superior and efficient photosynthetic machinery for light and dark reactions, and also possess strong and superior enzymatic antioxidant machinery for scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintenance of the NAD(P)H to NAD(P)+ ratio compared with submerged leaves. Accordingly, floating leaves possessed superior potential to withstand photodamage compared with submerged leaves. We believe that excess H2O2 provides an ideal defence tool for submerged leaves to counter predators, pests and pathogens.
