Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans

The last few years have witnessed an explosive generation of genomic data from ancient and modern Native American populations. These data shed light on key demographic shifts that occurred in geographically diverse territories of South America, such as the Andean highlands, Southern Patagonia and the Amazon basin. We used genomic data to study the recent population history of the Mapuche, who are the major Native population from the Southern Cone (Chile and Argentina). We found evidence of specific shared genetic ancestry between the Mapuche and ancient populations from Southern Patagonia, Central Chile and the Argentine Pampas. Despite previous evidence of cultural influence of Inca and Tiwanaku polities over the Mapuche, we did not find evidence of specific shared ancestry between them, nor with Amazonian groups. We estimated the effective population size dynamics of the Mapuche ancestral population during the last millennia, identifying a population bottleneck around 1650 AD, coinciding with a period of Spaniards invasions into the territory inhabited by the Mapuche. Finally, we show that admixed Chileans underwent post-admixture adaptation in their Mapuche subancestry component in genes related with lipid metabolism, suggesting adaptation to scarce food availability.

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The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene

10.1101/448829 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Martin Sikora ◽

Vladimir V. Pitulko ◽

Vitor C. Sousa ◽

Morten E. Allentoft ◽

Lasse Vinner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Native Americans ◽

Large Scale ◽

Human Remains ◽

Population History ◽

Northern Eurasia ◽

Bering Strait ◽

East Asians ◽

Northeastern Siberia ◽

History Of ◽

Milk Teeth

ABSTRACTFar northeastern Siberia has been occupied by humans for more than 40 thousand years. Yet, owing to a scarcity of early archaeological sites and human remains, its population history and relationship to ancient and modern populations across Eurasia and the Americas are poorly understood. Here, we analyze 34 ancient genome sequences, including two from fragmented milk teeth found at the ~31.6 thousand-year-old (kya) Yana RHS site, the earliest and northernmost Pleistocene human remains found. These genomes reveal complex patterns of past population admixture and replacement events throughout northeastern Siberia, with evidence for at least three large-scale human migrations into the region. The first inhabitants, a previously unknown population of “Ancient North Siberians” (ANS), represented by Yana RHS, diverged ~38 kya from Western Eurasians, soon after the latter split from East Asians. Between 20 and 11 kya, the ANS population was largely replaced by peoples with ancestry related to present-day East Asians, giving rise to ancestral Native Americans and “Ancient Paleosiberians” (AP), represented by a 9.8 kya skeleton from Kolyma River. AP are closely related to the Siberian ancestors of Native Americans, and ancestral to contemporary communities such as Koryaks and Itelmen. Paleoclimatic modelling shows evidence for a refuge during the last glacial maximum (LGM) in southeastern Beringia, suggesting Beringia as a possible location for the admixture forming both ancestral Native Americans and AP. Between 11 and 4 kya, AP were in turn largely replaced by another group of peoples with ancestry from East Asia, the “Neosiberians” from which many contemporary Siberians derive. We detect gene flow events in both directions across the Bering Strait during this time, influencing the genetic composition of Inuit, as well as Na Dene-speaking Northern Native Americans, whose Siberian-related ancestry components is closely related to AP. Our analyses reveal that the population history of northeastern Siberia was highly dynamic throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The pattern observed in northeastern Siberia, with earlier, once widespread populations being replaced by distinct peoples, seems to have taken place across northern Eurasia, as far west as Scandinavia.

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The Population History of Britain and Ireland 1500-1750

Population Studies ◽

10.1080/0032472031000149416 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 284-285

Author(s):

Eilidh Garrett

Keyword(s):

Population History ◽

History Of

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Migration and Modernities

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474440349.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Native Americans ◽

Literary History ◽

Historical Study ◽

Racial Categories ◽

Geographic Boundaries ◽

The Us ◽

Technological Developments ◽

History Of ◽

The Aesthetic ◽

Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

Migration and Modernities recovers a comparative literary history of migration by bringing together scholars from the US and Europe to explore the connections between migrant experiences and the uneven emergence of modernity. The collection initiates transnational, transcultural and interdisciplinary conversations about migration in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, demonstrating how mobility unsettles the geographic boundaries, temporal periodization, and racial categories we often use to organize literary and historical study. Migrants are by definition liminal, and many have existed historically in the spaces between nations, regions or ethnicities. In exploring these spaces, Migration and Modernities also investigates the origins of current debates about belonging, rights, and citizenship. Its chapters traverse the globe, revealing the experiences — real or imagined — of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century migrants, from dispossessed Native Americans to soldiers in South America, Turkish refugees to Scottish settlers. They explore the aesthetic and rhetorical frameworks used to represent migrant experiences during a time when imperial expansion and technological developments made the fortunes of some migrants and made exiles out of others. These frameworks continue to influence the narratives we tell ourselves about migration today and were crucial in producing a distinctively modern subjectivity in which mobility and rootlessness have become normative.

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Strategies for Survival of the World — Risk Management

Journal of Business and Economics ◽

10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/04.10.2019/002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Jovo Lojanica ◽

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Native Americans ◽

National Level ◽

Country Level ◽

Management Standards ◽

Family Level ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Iso 31000 ◽

History Of ◽

Personal Level

All management standards have requirements for different aspects of improvements on the personal level, family level, company level, in business and life. What is about national level and country level? Is it possible for today’s generations to learn history of nations and of civilizations? If it is — ok, let’s apply it on actual time and people to have less problems and difficulties — especially if is actual in field of risk management. Majority of people are occupied by today’s problems. They don’t consider past and future challenges. People from each country strive for better quality, better and cleaner environment, higher safety etc. historically and today. But could we remember: How did Genghis Khan conquer many regions and how was he defeated? How did Mayas and Aztecs die out? How were Native Americans in North America drastically reduced in numbers? How did the Roman Imperium vanish? How was the Ottoman Imperium established and how it vanished? How many people were killed in the wars in XX century, etc? In all these catastrophic changes risks were not considered in an adequate way. Requirements of risk management — Principles and guidelines — ISO 31000:2009 are very consultative. They could be used on country level, national level, regional level, continental and intercontinental level.

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Race, Religion, and Documentary Film

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.2 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Judith Weisenfeld

Keyword(s):

Native Americans ◽

Documentary Film ◽

Religious Practices ◽

Independent Films ◽

History Of ◽

Race And Religion

This chapter uses Ingagi and The Silent Enemy, both independent films released in 1930, to examine the intersections of race and religion in the context of American documentary film conventions. The filmmakers claimed documentary status for their films, despite the fact that both were largely scripted and contained staged representations. Many audience members and critics nevertheless took their representations of the religious practices of Africans and Native Americans to be truthful and invested in the films’ authenticity because their visual codes, narratives, and advertising confirmed accepted stereotypes about race, religion, and capacity for civilization. Examining these two films in the context of the broader history of documentary representations of race and religion—from travelogues, adventure, ethnographic, and expeditionary films through more recent productions—this chapter explores how the genre has helped to shape and communicate ideas about race and religion.

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Settler Colonial Disease and Dis-Ease in August: Osage County

Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik ◽

10.1515/zaa-2020-0007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 67-78

Author(s):

M. Elise Marubbio

Keyword(s):

Native Americans ◽

Physical Health ◽

Settler Colonialism ◽

Film Adaptation ◽

American People ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Place ◽

Mental And Physical Health ◽

American Racism ◽

Osage County

AbstractTracy Letts’s screenplay, August: Osage County (2013), and John Wells’s film adaptation (2013) offer a compelling critique of American racism towards Native Americans which demands that viewers consider their own inculcation into ongoing settler-nation colonialism. The film layers the history of place (Oklahoma) with the Cheyenne character Johnna, whose Indigenous heritage is negotiated throughout by liberal academics, conservative rural matriarchs, and Johnna herself. The role is small but essential to the film’s allegorical analysis of settler-colonialism and racism. The Weston family’s secrets, addictions, and dysfunction starkly contrast with Johnna’s health and stability. Through Johnna, the film questions the toll colonialism takes on the mental and physical health of the American people. This paper analyzes the metanarrative association of the Weston family’s dysfunction and racism with ongoing colonialism that results in disease of the settler-colonial space as it emerges in the screenplay and film.

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Mitochondrial phylogeography and population history of finless porpoises in Sino-Japanese waters

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ◽

10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.0932.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 193-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

GUANG YANG ◽

LI GUO ◽

MICHAEL W. BRUFORD ◽

FUWEN WEI ◽

KAIYA ZHOU

Keyword(s):

Population History ◽

History Of ◽

Japanese Waters

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Phylogeographic structure and gene flow of Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis)

Animal Biology ◽

10.1163/157075610x523314 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 449-465

Author(s):

Wen Longying ◽

Zhang Lixun ◽

An Bei ◽

Luo Huaxing ◽

Liu Naifa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Demographic History ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Divergence Time ◽

Population Expansion ◽

Population History ◽

Tibet Plateau ◽

Phylogeographic Structure ◽

Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽

History Of ◽

Qinghai Tibet Plateau

AbstractWe have used phylogeographic methods to investigate the genetic structure and population history of the endangered Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis) in northwestern China. The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced of 102 individuals sampled throughout the distribution range. In total, we found 26 different haplotypes defined by 28 polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the samples were divided into two major haplogroups corresponding to one western and one eastern clade. The divergence time between these major clades was estimated to be approximately one million years. An analysis of molecular variance showed that 40% of the total genetic variability was found within local populations, 12% among populations within regional groups and 48% among groups. An analysis of the demographic history of the populations suggested that major expansions have occurred in the Himalayan snowcock populations and these correlate mainly with the first and the second largest glaciations during the Pleistocene. In addition, the data indicate that there was a population expansion of the Tianshan population during the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, approximately 2 million years ago.

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